Respiratory And Ventilation

Question 1

Deep, gasping respirations with pause at inspiration.

Answer 1

Apneustic

Associated with decerebrate posturing.

Question 2

Complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular pauses and increasing periods of apnea.

Answer 2

Ataxic

Poor prognosis

Question 3

Group of quick shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea.

Answer 3

Biot’s

Question 4

Progressive deeper, faster breathing, followed by gradual decrease then temporary apnea.

Answer 4

Cheyne-Stokes

Associated with decorticate posturing

Question 5

Deep labored breathing associated with DKA

Answer 5

Kussmaul’s

Question 6

Hypoxic Respiratory Failure

Answer 6

Inability to diffuse O2

Question 7

Examples of hypoxic respiratory failure:

Answer 7

ARDS, Pneumonia, CHF

(Treatment increase oxygen and PEEP)

Question 8

Hypercarbic Respiratory Failure

Answer 8

Inability to remove CO2

Question 9

Examples of hypercarbic respiratory failure:

Answer 9

Respiratory acidosis
Damage to pons or upper medulla

Tx: increase TV, then rate

Question 10

Dead space formula

Answer 10

2mL/kg

Question 11

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 11

Medulla/pons

Question 12

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 12

Aortic arch/carotid bodies

Question 13

Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP)

Answer 13

Amount of resistance to overcome-vent circuit, any appliances, ETT, main airways.

Norm: < 35 cmH2O

Question 14

Plateau Pressure (Pplat)

Answer 14

Reflection of lower airway pressures & static Lung compliance (alveolar compliance)

< 30 cmH2O

Question 15

Ventilator Mode
Controlled Mandatory Ventilation (CMV)

Answer 15

All breaths triggered, limited and cycled by the ventilator.

Used in sedated, apneic, paralyzed patients

Question 16

Ventilator Mode
Assist-Control Ventilation (AC)

Answer 16

Breaths triggered by patient or ventilator (time elapsed no pt breath).
Ventilator supports pt triggered breath.

**Can lead to “breath stacking” or “Auto-PEEP”

Question 17

Ventilator Mode
Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV)

Answer 17

Ventilator breaths Synchronized with patient’s breaths.

Preferred for patients with intact respiratory drive.

Question 18

Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)

Answer 18

Supports/provides pressure during inspiration.
Requires consistent ventilatory effort by patient.

Question 19

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

Answer 19

PEEP
Uses airway pressure to keep airways open.

Question 20

BiLevel Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)

Answer 20

Alternating levels of PEEP to keep airways open

Question 21

Reasons for low pressure ventilator alarm

Answer 21

Patient disconnected
Chest tube leaks
Circuit leaks
Airway leaks-ETT cuff rupture
Hypovolemia
Dislodged ETT

Question 22

Reasons for high pressure ventilator alarms

Answer 22

Kinked tube
Coughing
Secretions/mucus in tube
Patient biting tube
Reduced lung compliance
Increased airway compliance

Question 23

What does a V/Q scan evaluate for?

Answer 23

Pulmonary Embolism

Question 24

Asthma