Laboratory Analysis Flashcards by Audrey Jennings

Na+
normal Range

135 - 145 mEq/L
Primary extracellular cation
Marker for fluid status
Increase Na can cause fluid retention

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How fast should you correct Na+?

No faster than 0.5 mEq/L per hour

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Causes of hyponatremia

CHF
Renal failure
Liver disease
Heavy exercise
Dehydration
Dilution hyponatremia—water poisoning, SIADH

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What can happen if you correct hyponatremia to fast?

Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Demyelination of nerve fibers

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K+
Normal range

3.5 - 5 mEq/L
Primary intercellular cation
Response for cell excitability, resting membrane potential

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Causes of hyperkalemia

Tissue breakdown
Drug administration
Metabolic acidosis
Acute renal failure

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Hyperkalemia treatment

Bicarbonate
Insulin
D50W
Albuterol
Calcium

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Hypokalemia causes

Cellular shifts
GI or renal losses
Lasix administration

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Cl-
Normal Range

96 -106 mEq/L
Extracellular anion
Helps kidney concentrate urine

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Total CO2
Normal range

22 - 26 mEq/L
Same as HCO3 on ABG
Helps maintain acid-base balance
Venous bicarbonate level

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BUN
Normal Range

8 - 23 mg/dL
Product of protein catabolism
Provides picture of renal clearance

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Cr
Normal Range

0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL
Provides picture of renal clearance
Does not pinpoint disease, indicates decreased function

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Glucose (Glu)
Normal Range

70 - 110 mg/dL

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Total Calcium Ca++
Normal Range

8.5 - 10.2
Most essential electrolyte

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Causes of Hypercalcemia

Tumor on parathyroid
Tuberculosis
Thiazide diuretics
Kidney Transplant

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Causes of Hypocalcemia

Decreased intake
Low levels of albumin
Alcoholism/liver disease
Pancreatitis
Renal Failure

Ionized Calcium
Normal Range

4.5 - 5.6
Determines total body calcium to free calcium

Anion Gap
Normal Range

12 (+/-4)
The higher the gap, the worse the acidosis

Total Protein
Normal Range

6.0 - 8.0 g/dL
Consists of albumin and immunoglobulins

Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Normal range

5 million
Values vary by gender

Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Normal range

15 g/dL

Hematocrit
Normal Range

45%
Percentage of blood that is formed elements within plasma

White Blood Cells (WBC)
Normal Range

4500 - 11,000/uL
Low levels—sepsis, cancers
Elevated-Leukocytosis—inflammation, infection, PE, MI, DVT, steroids, trauma

Platelets
Normal range

150 K - 400 K/uL
Aids in clotting
Low platelets = thrombocytopenia

Albumin Normal range

3.5 - 5.0 g/dL Produced in liver Decreased in liver disease Main source of oncotic pressure

PT (Prothrombin Time) Normal Range

10 - 13 seconds Extrinsic pathway Triggered by damaged tissue Releases tissue thromboplastin Highest in brain & placenta Platelets activate Initiates clotting Formation of clot

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) Normal Range

25 - 40 second Intrinsic pathway Triggered by endothelial damage Platelets activate Initiates clotting Formation of clot

INR (International Normalized Ratio) Normal Range

0.9 - 1.3 sec Therapeutic INR for pts on anticoagulants 2 - 3 sec Higher INR, less patient will clot

ALT (Alanine transaminase) Normal range

7 - 55 unit per liter Enzyme in the liver that helps body metabolize protein

AST (Aspartate transaminase) Normal Range

8 - 48 Increased levels indicates liver damage, disease or muscle damage

ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) Normal Range

45 - 115 Enzyme in liver, bile ducts and bone Increased indicates liver damage/disease, blocked bile duct or bone disease

Bilirubin Normal Range

0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL Normal breakdown of RBC Elevated indicates liver damage/disease Jaundice

Lactate Normal Range

0.5 - 1 mmol/L Lactic acidosis > 4 - 5 mmol/L decreased blood flow to cells Trends have more prognostic implications

Amylase Normal Range

25 - 135 U/L Used to detect pancreatitis > 300 Elevates within 2 - 12 hours

Lipase Normal Range

5 - 60 U/L Lipase breaks down fats Increased levels > 150 indicates pancreatitis

Osmolality Normal range

275 - 295 mOsm/L Measures the weight (solute) of solution Indicator of hydration status Osmolality of blood increases with dehydration and decreases with over hydration