Impact of Industrialisation Flashcards
Nobles
despite changes to their positions (1861), nobles retained wealth + status –> society remained stratified
1861= nobles owned 80% of land, by 1905 = 40%
1882 = 700 owned their own biz
nobles dominated the Z + regained some control when Land Captains were introduced in 1889
however many older nobles struggled with the new world + felt threatened
they set up the All-Russian Union of Landowners
they reinforced the regimes conservatism
Middle Class
R middle class grew due to industrial expansion + increase in ed opportunities
increase in demand for professionals by 1914 = 1mil
1914 = 2,000 successful entrepreneurs
1908 = many took positions in the Duma
the 3rd element saw themselves as more representative of the nation + able to run R better than the regime
Working Class
industrial expansion saw an increase in urban workers = 4%
this was a new class in R and they were very similar to the peasants
however, their living conditions were probably worse
1882-90 = reforms in factories: child labour, women’s night hours + factory inspectors
trade unions were illegal until after the 1905 rev
Peasants
poorest peasants turned into landless labours dependant on others
1880 = 2/3 of peasants couldn’t feed themselves without falling into debt
large proportion of peasants were unfit for the army
morality rates were high = average life span was 27 for males = 29f
this was compared to England which was 45
Social Impact of Industrialisation
industrialisation failed to bring any fundamental change in agricultural practice
ppl had less land = less harvest
high taxes, grain requisitions, and redemption payments all hampered agricultural change
there was an overall increase in agricultural production in the 1880s+90s due to the kulaks who responded positively to Vyshnegradsky’s export drive
1891-92 famine showed that industrialisation hadn’t solved any problems
The Church
70% of the pop subscribed to the church
tsar was a saint on earth = divine right
church supported the Tsar in the most direct way + acted as a prop for autocracy
Russians believed it was their duty to export their belief + culture on others = russification
chuch controlled primary skl ed = powerful inflence
Impact on the Church
during the late 19th century the influence of the church was decreasing due to its inability to keep up with urbanisation
urban workers no longer saw the relevance of the church + were more attracted to socialist teachings
even in the countryside superstition held a stronger influence than the priests who were seen as money-grasping + less than perfect role modals
however, the church still maintained a strong cultural influence + was used by the state to help keep the pop under control
