Physiological and immunological methods

Question 1

What are Activity measurements

Answer 1

estimates of the physiological reactions occuring

Question 2

what do activity measurements help define?

Answer 2

the structure and function of the microbioal ecosystem

Question 3

what does HPLC stand for

Answer 3

high-pressure liquid chromatography

Question 4

what happens in HPLC

Answer 4

sample is dissolved and forced under pressure through a column packed with a stationary material

Question 5

what is respiration

Answer 5

consumption of O2 or electron pair acceptor

Question 6

what is biochemical oxygen demand

Answer 6

measures the amount of organic matter that can be oxidized by the microbes present in the water

Question 7

what is BOD used for

Answer 7

to track the reduction of organic and inorganic materials in wastewater by treatment facilities

Question 8

What is chemical oxygen demand

Answer 8

strong oxidizer oxidizes the organic matter into CO2

Question 9

What is COD used for?

Answer 9

rapid measure of water quality

Question 10

what is microcosm?

Answer 10

a sample is typically incubated in a sealed, airtight enclosure

Question 11

What are two ways CO2 and O2 are measured

Answer 11

-samples are drawn using a gastight syringe and injected into a gas chromatograph
-trap CO2 produced in a trap with solution of NaOH

Question 12

What are some difficulties when measuring respiration in soils and sediments using a respiration chamber with an infrared gas analyzer?

Answer 12

variation of soil moisture, temp, etc

also hard to separate the contributions of heterotrophic bacteria and plant roots

Question 13

what do extracellular enzymes do?

Answer 13

break down N-, P- or S- containing organic compounds

Question 14

What are microsensors?

Answer 14

glass needles containing a sensing mechanism that allow to measure many chemical species including pH, O2, NO2-, NO3-, N2O, CO2, H2 and H2S

Question 15

True or false: Microsensors can only measure one analyte in a microbial habitat

Answer 15

false; they can simultaneously measure several

Question 16

Why can NO3- not be measured electrochemically in seawater?

Answer 16

high concentrations of salts

Question 17

What is an isotope

Answer 17

an element with a varying number of neutrons

Question 18

what is the result of radioactive decay on isotopes

Answer 18

unstable isotopes break down

Question 19

when are radioisotoepes used?

Answer 19

used when high sensitivity is required

Question 20

what kind of isotopes are used in microbial ecology to yield information on microbial activities

Answer 20

radioactive and stable isotopes

Question 21

what kind of isotopes are used in microbial ecology to yield information on microbial activities

Answer 21

radioactive and stable isotopes

Question 22

What stable isotope elements are used for studying microbial ecology?

Answer 22

C, S, N

Question 23

why are C, S, and N used for isotopes?

Answer 23

their abundance changes when they are metabolized because enzymes favor the lighter isotope

Question 24

what is isotopic fractionation?

Answer 24

measures if a particular transformation has been catalyzed by microbes

Question 25

what did isotopic fractionation help prove?

Answer 25

there is organic C in 3.5 billion years old rocks showing that autotrophic life existed at that time

Question 26

What is stable isotope probing( SIP )?

Answer 26

method of coupling diversity to activity through labeling of community DNA with C, N or O

Question 27

What has SIP been used for?

Answer 27

studying phylogeny and metabolism of methylotrophs

Question 28

What is Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry?

Answer 28

a vaporized sample is bombarded by high-energy electrons which create cations by knowing elections off atoms. These cations are accelerated through electric plates.

Question 29

what does SIMS help show?

Answer 29

mass to charge ratio and creates a mass spectrum

Question 30

What is Microautoradiography-FISH

Answer 30

determines which organisms in a natural sample are metabolizing a particular radiolabeled substance

Question 31

what are antibodies also known as

Answer 31

immunoglobulines

Question 32

what are antibodies

Answer 32

proteins that bind to specific cellular structures (antigens)

Question 33

what is the most common circulating antibody

Answer 33

IgG

Question 34

Is polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies preferable

Answer 34

monoclonal antibodies

Question 35

what is the most significant impact antibody-based methods have done?

Answer 35

detection in foodborne pathogens and thier toxins

Question 36

What is Reversed passive latex agglutination used to detect?

Answer 36

microbial toxins

Question 37

How does a reversed passive latex agglutination work?

Answer 37

if there are particles, the particles clump together and have a diffused appearance. if there is no antigen, there will be a tight dot. Think of hemagglutinin assay

Question 38

what are lateral flow tests

Answer 38

an aliquot of enrichment culture is wicked through a chromatographic matrix to a reaction area containing antibodies conjugated to precipitable material.

Question 39

what are lateral flow tests used for?

Answer 39

rapid diagnosis or HIV/AIDs, strep throat, flu

these look like covid tests that have the little strip

Question 40

what is immunofluorescence

Answer 40

uses antibodies conjugated with fluorescent dyes to diagnose and research

Question 41

What is Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Answer 41

uses antibodies-coated microtiter plates to capture the target antigen

Question 42

What does ELISA stand for?

Answer 42

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay