Neurological alterations pt 3 Flashcards
(Cerebrovascular Accident - CVA)
Which term occurs when there is obstruction to arterial blood flow to the brain from thrombus formation, an embolus, or hypoperfusion related to decreased blood volume or heart failure, where the inadequate blood supply results in ___ (inadequate cellular oxygen) & can progress to __ (death of tissue)?
Ischemic stroke; ischemia; infarction
(Cerebrovascular Accident - CVA)
Which term refers to episodes of neurological dysfunction lasting no more than 1 hour and resulting from focal cerebral ischemia, with clinical manifestations including weakness, numbness, sudden confusion, loss of balance, or a sudden severe headache?
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
(Cerebrovascular Accident - CVA) —> Ischemic stroke
Which term arises from arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formation in arteries supplying the brain or intracranial vessels, where conditions causing an increased ___ state increase the risk for thrombosis?
Which term involves fragments that break from a thrombus formed outside the brain, usually in the heart, aorta, or common carotid artery, and can also be from fat, air, tumour, bacteria, & foreign body; usually involving small brain vessels and obstructs at a bifurcation or other point of narrowing? Risk factors include, ___ __, left arterial or ventricle disease, recent myocardial infarction, & DVT
Which term refers to systemic ___ caused by __ __, cardiogenic shock, antihypertension medication?
- Thrombotic stroke (cerebral thromboses); coagulation
- Embolic stroke; artrial fibrillation
- Hypoperfusion stroke; cardiac failure
(Cerebrovascular Accident - CVA) —> Ischemic stroke manifestations
Where manifestations can range from minimal – little or no symptoms to severe – hemiplegia, coma or death
In __ ___ their is a sudden onset – no history of claudication – may have cardiac abnormalities – comes from a ___ elsewhere in the body
In ___ ___ slow progression – history of claudication – might not have cardiac abnormalities – history of atherosclerosis
In ___ __ ___ symptoms are bilateral and diffuse
- Embolic stroke; embolus
- Thrombotic stroke
- Hypoperfusion ischemic stroke
(Cerebrovascular Accident - CVA) —> Ischemic stroke manifestations
Manifestations are dependent on the __ _ __
, extent of damage done, extent of __ __ _ __
General signs & symptoms include: Headache, confusion, __, weakness or ___
- Site of obstruction; collateral circulation that develops
- Dizziness; paralysis
(Ischemic stroke treatment goals)
Which term is caused by vascular occlusion in brain, with irreversible ischemia & necrosis, where prompt infusion of thrombolytic agents may restore perfusion & prevent necrosis?
What are used to dissolve the clot- Ideally given within 3– 4.5 hours of event:
Such as streptokinase or t-PA?
Other goals of to treat ischemic stroke include:
Treatment goals for __ __ include preventing further ___ & anticoagulation therapy
- Cerebral infarction
- Thrombolytic medications
- Control cerebral edema and the increased ICP, restoring brain perfusion, & controlling risk factors, such as smoking & hypertension
- Embolic stroke; embolization
(CVA)
Which term refers to the 3rd most common cause of CVA, where bleeding causes compressed brain tissue, leading to ischemia, edema, and increased ICP and necrosis? It can occur within the brain tissue (intraparenchymal) or in the subarachnoid or subdural spaces
Bleeding can be ___, ___, or ___
Hemorrhagic stroke
- Massive; small; petechial
(Hemorrhagic stroke)
In the ___ the most common cause is hypertension & other causes, such as tumours, coagulation disorders, trauma, Drugs (cocaine)
In the ___ it is caused by aneurysms, arteriosclerosis malformations, or brain traumas
In the __ it is caused by brain traumas
- Intraparenchymal
- Subarachnoid
- Subdural
(CVA)
The clinical manifestations of __ __ are similar to those for embolic & thrombotic stroke & depend on the __ & __ of the bleed. Symptoms can occur suddenly and with __.
In __ __ the person experiences 3 sets of symptoms:
(1) Excruciating generalized ___ –__ with consciousness maintained
(2) Sudden lapse into ___
& (3) If bleeding into brain tissue, hemiparesis or paralysis, __ may be present.
Also, stroke on right hemisphere shows deficits of __ __. However, if cranial nerves are affected – because cranial nerves never cross, the stroke on left side shows ___ ___deficits
- Hemorrhagic stroke; location and size; activity
- Headache
- Unconsciousness
- Dysphasia
- Left side
- left sided
(CVA)
Which term refers to the escape of blood from a defective or injured vessel into the subarachnoid space, where individuals at risk for this are those with intracranial aneurysm, intracranial AVM, hypertension, or a family history of ___, & those who have sustained head injuries? Also where mortality is 50% in 1 month
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
(SAH)
___ __ result from defects in the vascular wall & are classified on the basis of __ & __. They are often __, but the signs vary depending on the __ & __ of the aneurysm
When a vessel is leaking, blood ___ into the subarachnoid space. When a vessel tears, blood under pressure is __ into the subarachnoid space, which increases __
An increase in ICP causes an increase in the __ __, which Impairs CSF __ & CSF ___
Similar to primary traumatic brain injury – intracranial volume– compressing and displacing brain tissue –decreased cerebral blood flow, edema, inflammation => increased ICP, & cell death
- Intracranial aneurysms; form and shape; asymptomatic; location and size
- Oozes; pumped; ICP
- Intracranial volume; circulation; reabsorption
(SAH) –> Manifestations
Early includes – __, changes in mental status or LOC, nausea or __
A ruptured vessel causes – sudden __, “explosive” __ with nausea and vomiting, __ disturbances, __ deficits, decreased LOC, neck stiffness , __, & blurred vision due to meningeal irritation
- Headache; vomiting
- Throbbing; headache; visual; motor; photophobia
(CVA)
Which term refers to a rare congenital vascular lesion, & is a mass of dilated vessels instead of a capillary bed, characterized by abnormal structure, abnormally thin, complex growth & remodelling patterns of vessels?
Where signs & symptoms include: ..?
Arteriovenous malformation(AVM)
- Chronic headache & 50% will have seizures
(Outcomes of stroke) –> Which are dependent on __
Outcomes of stroke on __ ___ result in right sided weakness or paralysis,
problems with ___ (speaking & understanding),
__ __ (can’t see the right side of field of vision – both eyes), ___, impaired cognitive abilities, & memory problems
Outcomes of stroke on __ ___ result in left sided weakness or paralysis, denial of paralysis (reduced insight into condition, called “__ __” which is lack of response to stimuli on the left side), visual problems (can’t see the left side), depth perception problem, recognition of __ __, memory problems, depression, inappropriate behaviours, & impulsivity
Outcomes of stroke on the ___ result in problems with gait, dizziness, headache, nausea & vomiting
Outcomes of stroke on the ___ result in respiratory & cardiac concerns, temperature control, balance/coordination, weakness or paralysis, dysphagia, dysphasia, vision problems, & coma or death
- Location
- Left hemisphere; speech; visual problems; depression
- Right hemisphere; left neglect; body parts;
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem (most dangerous)
(Outcomes of stroke)
Which term refers to to a disorder of attention that causes a person to have difficulty noticing, attending to, and responding to stimuli on the left side of their body. It typically occurs after damage to the brain’sright hemisphere?
Left neglect (a type of hemispatial neglect)
