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Zoology > Lecture 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

Animals are made up of cells
that do not have cell walls.

A

True

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2
Q

Four types of Tissues

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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3
Q

Animals are able to respond quickly
to external stimuli as a result of
_________

A

nerve cells, or muscle or contractile tissue
or both.

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4
Q

The phylogenetic tree
of animals is based on ________

A

morphological, fossil,
and genetic evidence.

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5
Q

This special feature found in sponges distinguishes them from other phyla

A

true tissue

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6
Q

closest phyla to chordata

A

echinodermata

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7
Q

This phylum is pore-bearing and sessile

A

Porifera (sponges)

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8
Q

Canal systems of porifera

A
  • ascon
  • sycon
  • leucon
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9
Q

a large opening of the sponge to the outside through which the current of water exits

A

osculum (pl. oscula)

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10
Q

allow water to enter the sponge

A

ostium (pl. ostia)

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11
Q

Skeletal elements of sponges

A
  • calcium carbonate
  • silicon
  • spongin
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12
Q

Phylum known as the stingers

A

Cnidaria

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13
Q

what are stinging cells of cnidarians called?

A

cnidocytes

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14
Q

2 stages of cnidarian life cycle

A
  • polyp
  • medusa
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15
Q
  • triploblastic
  • flattened dorsoventrally; acoelomate
  • exhibit cephalization: anterior & posterior
  • both free living and parasitic
  • incomplete digestive tract: mouth = anus
A

platyhelminthes

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16
Q

an evolutionary trend in which, over many generations, the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal, producing a head region.

A

cephalization

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17
Q
  • unsegmented
  • triploblastic
  • grossly polyphyletic
    (8 phyla)
  • complete GI tract
  • fluid-filled pseudocoel
  • longitudinal muscles only
    produce a whipping motion
A

Phylum Nematoda

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17
Q
  • With true coelom
  • Specialized systems
  • Metamerism: true segmentation
  • Complete GI tract
  • Cosmopolitan
  • Examples: earthworm,
    tubeworms, leech
A

Phylum Annelida

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18
Q

found all over the world

A

cosmopolitan

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19
Q
  • Soft body with internal or external shell
    *Mostly marine (snails are terrestrial)
  • Examples: slugs, clams, squids, octopus
A

Phylum Mollusca

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20
Q

the repetition of homologous body segments; true segmentation

A

metamerism

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21
Q
  • Jointed appendages
  • Segmented body
  • Exoskeleton (skeleton on
    outside)
  • Mandibles – chewing
    mouthparts
  • Metamorphosis ( egg -
    larva - adult)
  • Example: spiders,
    crustaceans, centipedes,
A

Phylum Arthropoda

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22
Q
  • Jointed appendages
  • Segmented body
  • Exoskeleton (skeleton on
    outside)
  • Mandibles – chewing
    mouthparts
  • Metamorphosis ( egg -
    larva - adult)
  • Example: spiders,
    crustaceans, centipedes,
A

Phylum Arthropoda

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23
Q

Adult with radial
symmetry
* Water vascular system
* Internal skeleton:
calcium carbonate
* Capable of
regeneration
* Examples: sea stars,
brittle stars, sea
cucumbers

A

Phylum Echinodermata

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24
Q

contains all animals that have a dorsal notochord at some stage of development; in most cases, this is the backbone

A

Phylum Chordata

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25
Q

Four structural characteristics
set chordates apart from all
other phyla:

A
  • a notochord
  • a pharyngeal gill slits
  • postanal tail
  • a hollow dorsal nerve cord
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26
Q

He examined a thin slice of cork tissue and observed honeycombed compartments he called cellulae (L, small room) which were later termed as cells

A

Robert Hooke

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27
Q

Proposed the first two statements of the
cell theory in 1838-39

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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28
Q

In its modern form, the cell theory includes
three principles:

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or
    more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest living things
  3. Cells arise only by division of a
    previously existing cell
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29
Q

components of a plant cell that are not present in animals

A
  • Cell wall
  • chloroplasts,
  • large central vacuole
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30
Q

components of an animal cell that are absent in plants

A

– Lysosomes
– Centrioles
– Flagella (though present in some plant
sperm)

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31
Q
  • the command center of the cell; directs all of its activities
  • stores the cell’s hereditary information
A

nucleus

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32
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by ______

A

a double membrane (nuclear
envelope) with pores

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33
Q

Site of assembly of ribosome subunits

A

nucleolus

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33
Q

Site of assembly of ribosome subunits

A

nucleolus

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34
Q

Passage for RNA and proteins

A

nuclear pore

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35
Q

An extensive system of interior membranes that divides the cell into compartments

A

The Endomembrane System

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36
Q

The endomembrane system is composed of:

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi complex
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
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37
Q

Internal membrane system creating channels
and membrane-bound vesicles

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

Two distinct regions of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • rough ER
  • smooth ER
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39
Q
  • Studded with ribosomes
  • Involved in protein synthesis
A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q
  • Embedded with enzymes
  • Involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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41
Q

The ER transports the molecules it synthesizes to the ______

A

Golgi complex

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42
Q

These are flattened stack of membranes that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm; are collectively referred to as the Golgi complex

A

Golgi bodies

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43
Q

It collects, packages, modifes and
distributes molecules

A

Golgi complex

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44
Q

a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell; discharge of material from vesicles at the cell
surface

A

exocytosis

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45
Q

It export materials out of the cells

A

secretory vesicles

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46
Q

It imports material from one part of the cell to another

A

transport vesicles

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47
Q

Arise from the Golgi complex

  • They contain enzymes that break down
    macromolecules
  • Function in intracellular digestion of
    – Worn-out cellular components
    – Substances taken into cells

– The resulting material is then recycled

A

Lysosomes

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48
Q

where are lysosomes formed?

A

golgi apparatus

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49
Q

Arise from the ER; contain two sets of enzymes (one in animals and one in plants)

A

peroxisomes

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50
Q

The function of the set of peroxisomes found in plants

A

converts fats into sugars

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51
Q

The function of the set of peroxiseomes found in animals

A

Detoxifies various harmful molecules

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52
Q

Two cell-like organelles contain DNA:

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

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53
Q

organelle containg DNA that is only found in plants and algae

A

chroloplast

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54
Q

mitochondria extracts energy from organic molecules through ______

A

oxidative metabolism

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55
Q

Sausage-shaped organelles, about the size of a bacterial cell; found in almost all eukaryotes

A

mitochondria

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56
Q

common characteristics of bacteria and mitochondria

A
  1. Possess circular DNA
  2. Divide by simple fission
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57
Q

part of the mitochondria that increases surface area nhance the productivity of cellular respiration.

A

crista/cristae

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58
Q

site of organellar DNA replication, transcription, protein biosynthesis and numerous enzymatic reactions; contains the mDNA

A

matrix

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59
Q

Proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose by symbiosis from ancient bacteria

A

The Endosymbiotic Theory

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60
Q

A dense network of protein fibers that
– 1. Supports the shape of the cell
– 2. Anchors organelles

A

cytoskeleton

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61
Q

functions of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Supports the shape of the cell
  2. Anchors organelles
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62
Q

Three different kinds of protein fibers

A

– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate filaments

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63
Q

these make up microfilaments

A

actin filament

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64
Q

these are made up of tubulin

A

microtubules

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65
Q

Anchor and assemble microtubules

May have originated as symbiotic bacteria

Not found in higher plants and fungi

A

centrioles

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66
Q

Essentially, all cell motion is tied to the
movement of _________ and _________

A

microfilaments, microtubules

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67
Q

Effects of changes in the shape of microfilaments

A

– Enable some cells to change shape quickly
–Allow some cells to crawl
–Cause animal cells to divide

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68
Q
  • Consist of a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
  • Anchored in the cell by a basal body
A

flagella, cilia

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69
Q

flagella vs cilia

A

flagella: long and few in number
cilia: short and numerous

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70
Q

flagella and cilia consist of a ________ of microtubules

A

9 + 2 arrangement

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71
Q

Motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell’s periphery

A

Kinesin

72
Q

Motor protein that moves vesicles to the cell’s interior

A

dynein

73
Q

In plants, it stores dissolved substances and can increase the cell’s surface area

A

vacuoles

74
Q

are used to pump excess water in protists

A

contractile vacuoles

75
Q

A mixture of glycoproteins secreted by animal cells; helps coordinate the
behavior of all cells in a tissue

A

Extracellular Matrix

76
Q

Links the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cystoskeleton

A

integrin

77
Q

It encases all living cells; Its basic structure is represented by the fluid-mosaic model. consists of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

A

cell membrane

78
Q

two main types of proteins within the cell membrane

A

cell-surface proteins
transmembrane/transport proteins

79
Q
  • Project from the surface of the membrane
  • Act as markers or receptors
A

cell-surface proteins

80
Q
  • Extend all the way across the bilayer
  • Provide channels in and out of the cell
A

–Transmembrane (aka transport) proteins

81
Q

Some things can pass through on their own by
simple diffusion (small, uncharged particles)

A

Semipermeable Cell

Membrane:

82
Q

the movement of molecules down their
concentration gradient (crowded to less crowded)

A

diffusion

83
Q

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable
membrane

A

osmosis

84
Q

substances dissolved in a solution

A

solutes

85
Q

solution that contains higher
concentration of solutes than the cell

A

hypertonic solution

86
Q

solution that contains lower concentration
of solutes than the cell

A

hypotonic solution

87
Q

solution contains equal concentration of
solutes as the cell

A

isotonic solution

88
Q

Movement of water into a cell creates
-can cause a cell to swell and burst

A

osmotic pressure

89
Q

it happens when sugar molecules become evenly distributed throughout the water

A

equilibrium

90
Q

100% solution is ____ while more than 100% solution is ____

A
  1. saturated
  2. supersaturated
91
Q

____ pressure can cause the red blood cells to rapture

A

hypertonic

92
Q

____ pressure can cause the red blood cells to shrink

A

hypotonic

93
Q

Large amounts of material can be moved in
and out of cells by _______

A

membrane-bound vesicles

94
Q

The plasma membrane envelops particles and
brings them into the cell interior

A

endocytosis

95
Q

Means by which hormones, neurotransmitters and digestive
enzymes are secreted in animal cells

A

Exocytosis

96
Q

three major forms of endocytosis

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
97
Q

endocytosis

Engulfment of
particulate material

A

Phagocytosis

98
Q

endocytosis

Engulfment of liquid
material

A

Pinocytosis

99
Q

endocytosis

The process is highly specific and very fast

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

100
Q

Cell membranes have ________; they contain protein channels that allow only certain molecules to pass

A

selective permeability

101
Q

Allows molecules to pass through open channels in
either direction

A

selective diffusion

102
Q

If the ion fits the pore, it goes through ______

A

ion channels

103
Q

Net movement of a molecule down its concentration gradient
facilitated by specific carrier proteins

A

Facilitated Diffusion

104
Q

The movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient; this is possible by the expenditure of energy

A

active transport

105
Q

Two types of channels in active transport

A
  1. Sodium-Potassium Pump: nervous system
  2. Proton Pump: photosynthesis, respiration
106
Q

Uses the energy of one ATP molecule to pump 3 Na+
outward and 2 K+ into the cell

A

The Sodium-Potassium Pump

107
Q

Expends metabolic energy to pump
protons across membranes

A

The Proton Pump

108
Q

The process of pumping protons across the membrane to generate the proton gradient

A

chemiosmosis

109
Q

eukaryotic cells divide in one of two ways:

A

mitosis
meiosis

110
Q

Occurs in somatic (non-reproductive) cells

A

Mitosis

111
Q
  • Occurs in germ (reproductive) cells
  • Results in the production of gametes
A

meiosis

112
Q

The complex cell cycle of eukaryotic cell is composed
of several stages:

A
  • interphase
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
113
Q

stages of interphase

A

G1 phase (Primary growth phase)
S phase (DNA replication)
G2 phase (Microtubule synthesis)

114
Q

the chromosomes are extended are in use during G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

A

interphase

115
Q

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fiber forms

A

prophase

116
Q

chromosomes line up on the central plane of the cell

A

metaphase

117
Q

centromeres divide and chromatids move towards opposite poles

A

anaphase

118
Q

chrosmomes uncoil, and a new nuclear envelope forms. spindle fibers disappear

A

telophase

119
Q

the cytoplasm of the cell is cleaved in half

A

cytokinesis

120
Q

Chromosomes were first observed by the German embryologist ________ in 1882

A

Walther Flemming

121
Q

True or False

The number of chromosomes varies enormously from species to species

A

True

122
Q

Chromosomes exist in somatic cells as pairs also known as ____

A

Homologous chromosomes or homologues

123
Q

________ have two copies of each chromosomes: one from mother,
one from father.

A

diploid cells

124
Q

Replicated chromosomes consist of _____

A

two sister chromatids

125
Q

sister chromatids are held together by ____

A

centromere

126
Q

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

A

karyotype

127
Q

The 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes can be organized by _____

A

size

128
Q

Chromosomes are composed of______

A

chromatin

129
Q

composition of chromatin

A

Complex of DNA (~ 40%) and proteins (~ 60%)

130
Q

Involves the alternation of meiosis and fertilization

A

Sexual reproduction

131
Q

reproduction that does not involve fertilization

A

asexual reproduction

132
Q

true or false

Meiosis consists of two successive divisions, and two DNA replications

A

false

Meiosis consists of two successive divisions, but only one
DNA replication

133
Q

type of meiosis where homologous pairs are separated

A

Meisosis I

134
Q

type of meiosis where two sister chromatids of each
chromosome are separated

A

Meiosis II

135
Q

condensed chromosome
pairs with its homologue after being duplicated

A

synapsis

136
Q

Homologues swap segments

A

crossing-over

137
Q

stages of meiosis

Each chromosome becomes attached to
microtubules of newly forming spindle

A

prophase I

138
Q

stages of meiosis

synapsis

A

Prophase I

139
Q

stages of meiosis

The longest and
most complex stage
of meiosis

A

Prophase I

140
Q

stages of meiosis

The longest and
most complex stage
of meiosis

A

Prophase I

140
Q

stages of meiosis

The longest and
most complex stage
of meiosis

A

Prophase I

141
Q

stage of meiosis

Chromosomes are pushed and pulled into
the middle of cell

A

Metaphase I

142
Q

stages of meiosis

Sister chromatids of one homologue orient
toward one pole, and those of other
homologue toward opposite pole

A

Metaphase I

143
Q

stages of meiosis

The spindle is now fully formed

A

Metaphase I

143
Q

stages of meiosis

The spindle is now fully formed

A

Metaphase I

144
Q

stage of meiosis

Homologous chromosomes
segregate from each other

A

Anaphase I

145
Q

sateg of meiosis

The sister chromatids of each
chromosome remain attached

A

Anaphase I

146
Q

stage of meiosis

The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

A

Telophase I

147
Q

stage of meiosis

The cytoplasm divides

A

Telophase I

148
Q

stage of meiosis

There are now two haploid cells, but sister
chromatids still attached to each other

A

Telophase I

149
Q

After meiosis I there is a _____

A

brief interphase

150
Q

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, but with two main
differences

A
  1. Haploid set of chromosomes (in humans 1n
    = 23 chromosomes)
  2. Sister chromatids are not identical
151
Q

Sexual reproduction increases genetic
diversity through three key mechanisms

A
  1. Independent assortment
  2. Crossing over
  3. Random fertilization
152
Q
  • Way that homologous chromosomes
    line up on metaphase plate is
    random.
  • 50% chance that a given member of
    pair will end up going to a given
    daughter.
A

Independent Assortment

153
Q

true or false

Way that homologous chromosomes
line up on metaphase plate is
random.

A

true

154
Q

As a result of random alignment, the
number of possible combinations of
chromosomes in a gamete is:

A

2n

(n is number of chromosome pairs)

155
Q

DNA exchanges between maternal and paternal chromatid pairs

A

corssing over

156
Q

formed by the union of two independently-
produced gametes

A

zygote

157
Q

the raw material that fuels
evolution

A

genetic diversity

158
Q

There is no chromosome duplication between the two
meiotic divisions

A

reduction division

159
Q

programmed death of a cell

A

apoptosis

160
Q

reproductive organs areprsent in the same body

A

monoecious/hermaphroditism

161
Q

reprodutive organs are in different bodies

A

dioecious

162
Q

an organism that switches from its inborn sex to the opposite sex

A

sequential hermaphrodite

163
Q

unique features of meiosis from mitosis

A
  1. synapsis
  2. reduction division
164
Q

true or false

no genetic process generates diversity more
quickly than sexual reproduction

A

true

165
Q

The 9+2 arrangement is achieved in the ____________

A

basal body

166
Q

lipids have _____ and _____ regions

A

polar, nonpolar

167
Q

the polar region of the lipids are
a) hydrophobic b)hydrophilic

A

b

168
Q

the nonpolar regions of the lipids are ____

A

hydrophobic

169
Q

adenine and guanine are made up of what type of nitrogenous base?

A

purine

170
Q

thymine and cytosine/uracil are composed of what nitrogenous base?

A

pyrimidine

171
Q

nucleotides found in RNA

A

adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

172
Q

5 stages of prophase

A
  • leptonema
  • zygonema
  • pachynema
  • diplonema
  • diakinesis
173
Q

identify the stage of prophase

a. synapsis ends
b. prophase begins
c. crossing over occurs
d. synapsis begins
e. prophase ends

A

a. diplonema
b. leptonema
c. pachynema
d. zygonema
e. diakinesis

174
Q

he leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms

A

endosymbiotic theory/symbiogensesis

175
Q

released by sponges to withstand extreme environemntal conditions

A

gemules

176
Q

cell wall is made up of _____

A

cellulose

177
Q

observed by Robert Hooke from the cork using the microscope

A

rigid cell wall

Zoology (5 decks)

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