B4 science

Question 1

Common features of transport systems:

Answer 1

they are made up of tubes or ‘vessels’ that carry materials from one part of the organism to another
they make close contact with cells, such as those of exchange surfaces

Question 2

Other substances transported in the blood include:

Answer 2

antibodies
hormones

Question 3

right ventricle function

Answer 3

pumps blood around the rest of the body

Question 4

left ventricle function

Answer 4

pumps blood around the rest of the body

Question 5

pacemaker (in the right atrium) function

Answer 5

controls the natural resting heart rate. artifical electrical pacemakers can be fitted to correct irregularities

Question 6

coronary arteries function

Answer 6

carry oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle

Question 7

heart valves

Answer 7

prevent blood in the heart from flowing in the wrong direction

Question 8

trachea

Answer 8

carries air to/from the lungs. rings of catilage protect the airway

Question 9

bronchioles

Answer 9

carries air to/from the air sacs (alveoli). splits into multiple pathways to reach all the air sacs

Question 10

alveoli

Answer 10

site of gas exchange in the lungs. maximises surface area foe efficient gas exchange

Question 11

capillaries

Answer 11

allows gas exchange between into/out of blood. oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out

Question 12

blood

Answer 12

blood is a tissue consisting of plasma, in which blood cells and platlets are suspended

Question 13

plasma 55% of blood

Answer 13

pale yellow fluid. transports co2, hormones and waste.

Question 14

red blood cells 45% of blood

Answer 14

carries oxygen. large surface area, no nucleus, full of haemoglobin

Question 15

white blood cells 1% of blood

Answer 15

parts of the immune system. some produce anti bodies, others surround and engulf pathogens

Question 16

platlets 1% of blood

Answer 16

fragments of cells. clump together to form blood clots

Question 16

platlets 1% of blood

Answer 16

fragments of cells. clump together to form blood clots

Question 17

artery

Answer 17

carry blood away from the heart. thick muscular walls, small lumen, carry blood under high pressure, carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)

Question 18

vein

Answer 18

carry blood to the heart. thin walls, large lumen ,carry blood under low pressure, have valves to stop flow in the wrong direction, carry de oxygenated blood (exept for the pulmonary vein).

Question 19

capillary

Answer 19

connects arteries and veins. one cell thick to allow diffusion, carry blood under very low pressure.

Question 20

lung and gas exchange

Answer 20

the heart pumps low oxygen/high carbon dioxide blood to the lungs

Question 21

coronary heart disease cause

Answer 21

a build up for fatty substances in the coronary arteries (artherosclerosis)

Question 22

coronary heart disease effect

Answer 22

oxygen-ated blood cannot get to the cardiac muscle

Question 23

coronary heart disease treatment

Answer 23

stents: inserted into the blocked artery to open it up. statins: lower harmful cholesterol

Question 24

faulty heart valves cause

Answer 24

valves don’t open or close properly

Question 25

faulty heart valves effect

Answer 25

blood can leak or flow in the wrong direction

Question 26

faulty heart valves treatment

Answer 26

biological valve transplant or a mechanical valve can be instead

Question 27

plant organ systems

Answer 27

the roots, stem and leaves from a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant

Question 28

epidermal tissues

Answer 28

.wavy cuticle (top layer of the leaf). Reduces water loss from the leaf.
.guard cells and stomata. guard cells open and close the stomata to control water loss and allow for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

Question 29

palisade mesophyll

Answer 29

palisade cells. cells near the top surface of the leaf that are packed with choroplasts that contain chlorophyll. both adaptions maximize photosynthesis

Question 30

spongy mesophyll

Answer 30

air spaces in the leaf between cells. increase surface area for gas exchange so that carbon dioxide can diffuse into photosynthesising cells

Question 31

xylem

Answer 31

hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transporation of water in the transpiration stream. allows transport of water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and the leaves

Question 32

phloem

Answer 32

cell sap moves from one phloem cell to the next through pores in the end walls. transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage (translocation).

Question 33

meristem tissue

Answer 33

new cells (roots and shoot tips) are made here including root hair cells. root hair cells have an increased surface area for the uptake of water by osmosis, and mineral ions by active transport.

Question 34

transpiration

Answer 34

the rate of which water is lost from the leaves of the plant. The transpiration stream is the column of water moving through the roots, stems and leaves. temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity affect the rate of transpiration

Question 35

how does temperature affect transpiration rate

Answer 35

higher temperature increases transpiration rate

Question 36

how does wind speed affect transpiration rate

Answer 36

higher wind speed increases transpiration rate

Question 37

how does light affect transpiration rate

Answer 37

more light increases transpiration rate

Question 38

how does humidity affect transpiration rate

Answer 38

higher humidity decreases transpiration rate