chapter 14

Question 1

3.85 x 10^26 watts

Answer 1

sun’s luminosity

Question 2

• a balance between the outward force due to the pressure of radiation produced inside and the inward force of gravity
• radiation pressure & force of gravity must be just enough to hold up the weight of the sun without collapsing

Answer 2

hydrostatic equilibrium (2)

Question 3

the short-range force between protons & neutrons that holds atomic nuclei together

Answer 3

strong nuclear force

Question 4

• the combination of 2 less massive atomic nuclei into a single, more massive atomic nucleus
• 4 hydrogen nuclei become 1 helium nucleus plus energy

Answer 4

nuclear fusion (2)

Question 5

E = mc^2

Answer 5

exchange rate of mass & energy

Question 6

the release of energy from the fusion of 4 hydrogen nuclei into a single helium

Answer 6

hydrogen fusion

Question 7

• the innermost region of a planetary/star interior
• density of matter in the core is 150 times the density of water
• temperature is ~15 million K
• half the energy produced by the sun comes from the inner core

Answer 7

core (4)

Question 8

• hydrogen-1 →hydrogen-2 + pos e + v, then pos e + neg e → y + y (gamma rays)
• hydrogen-2 + hydrogen-1 → helium-3 + y
• helium-3 + helium-3 → helium-4 + hydrogen-1 + hydrogen- 1

Answer 8

proton-proton chain (3)

Question 9

• colliding protons create deuterium
• protons collide with deuterium nuclei to produce helium-3
• helium-3 nuclei collide to create helium-4

Answer 9

3 steps of the proton-proton chain (3)

Question 10

positively charged subatomic particle

Answer 10

positron

Question 11

• very low-mass, electrically neutral particle emitted during beta decay
• can penetrate great quantities of matter

Answer 11

neutrino (2)

Question 12

an isotope of hydrogen; 1 proton and 2 neutrons

Answer 12

deuterium

Question 13

• matter made up of antiparticles
• form gamma rays photons

Answer 13

antimatter (2)

Question 14

thermal energy of particles are transferred to adjacent particles by collision

Answer 14

conduction

Question 15

• hot energy rises, cools as it nears the surface, and falls to be heated and rise again
• a region of turbulent plasma between a star’s core and its visible photosphere

Answer 15

convection (2)

Question 16

waves/particles of energy traveling through space or a medium

Answer 16

radiation

Question 17

a measure of how effectively a material blocks the radiation going through it

Answer 17

opacity

Question 18

• a region within a star where energy is transported outward by radiation
• peak temp of 15 million K at the sun’s core, then 2-3 million K at the other margin

Answer 18

radiative zone (2)

Question 19

a region within a star where energy id transported outward by convectionn

Answer 19

convection zone

Question 20

historical observation that only about a 1/3 of predicted neutrinos by theory seemed to be coming from the sun

Answer 20

solar neutrino problem

Question 21

the use of solar oscillations to study the interior of the sun

Answer 21

helioseismology

Question 22

• the apparent surface of the sun as seen in visible light
• base of the atmosphere

Answer 22

photosphere (2)

Question 23

• ## the region of the sun’s atmosphere located between the photosphere and the corona

Answer 23

chromosphere

Question 24

the hot, outermost part of the sun’s atmosphere

Answer 24

corona

Question 25

the relationship between temp & density between the layers of sun’s atmosphere are inversely proportional (except the corona)

Answer 25

temperature-density relationship

Question 26

the temperature at which a blackbody–like a star– appears to radiate

Answer 26

effective temperature

Question 27

we see the sun at an angle, which is why we can’t see super deeply into the sun’s atmosphere

Answer 27

limb darkening

Question 28

a cooler transitory region on the solar surface produced when loops of magnetic flux break through the sun

Answer 28

sunspots

Question 29

an area of the sun’s chromosphere anchoring bursts of intense magnetic activity

Answer 29

active region

Question 30

low-density region in the solar corona containing an open magnetic field lines where coronal material can stream into space

Answer 30

coronal holes

Question 31

gas & dust that fill space between stars within a galaxy

Answer 31

interstellar medium

Question 32

rotation of different parts of a star at different rates

Answer 32

differential medium

Question 33

a 22 yr cycle where the sunspot activity increases and then decreases, reversing every 11 years

Answer 33

sunspot cycle

Question 34

an arch-like projection above the solar photosphere often associated with a sunspot

Answer 34

prominence

Question 35

an explosion on the sun’s surface associated with a complex sunspot group and a strong magnetic field

Answer 35

solar flares

Question 36

gas composed of charged particles but may also include some neutral atoms

Answer 36

plasma

Question 37

an eruption on the sun that ejects hot gas and energetic particles at much higher speeds than are typical in the solar wind

Answer 37

coronal mass ejection (CME)

Question 38

the solar wind blows against the interstellar medium and clears out an area like the inside of a bubble

Answer 38

heliosphere