Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVA > Sensory Part 2 > Flashcards

Sensory Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the inner ear?

A
  1. semicircular canals
  2. vestibule
  3. cochlea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the nerve of the inner ear and what are its branches?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) - vestibule branch & cochlear branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 3 layers make up semicircular canals (outside in)

A
  1. bony labyrinth
  2. perilymph
  3. membranous labyrinth with endolymph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organ of corti

A

hair cells that actually let us hear sound via vibrations of stereocilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scala synonymous duct names

A
  1. scala tympani = tympanic duct
  2. scala vestibuli = vestibular duct
  3. scala media = cochlear duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spiral ganglia

A

in spiral of cochlea and get stimulated by hair cells in organ of Corti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do we detect the pitch of sound?

A
  1. kinocilium vs. sterieocilia
  2. variation in basilar membrane
  3. which spiral ganglion was stimulated (close to oval window high pitch vs. far away low pitch)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe pitch variation at basilar membrane

A

high freq=high pitch - stiff/thick region near round window

low freq=low pitch - flexible region hear helicotrema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Helicotrema

A

if sound makes it to the helicotrema it is considered infrasound (a sound you can’t hear because its so low) - sound never crosses basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do we detect the amplitude of sounds?

A

action potential firing more rapidly if sound is loud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do we sense directionality?

A

time delay of sound hitting one ear than the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Locations and functions of membranous labyrinth (3)

A
  1. cochlear duct - hearing
  2. semicircular canals & ampullae - rotation of the head
  3. utricle & saccule - up & down and linear accel/decel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where did the crista ampullaris evolve from?

A

neuromast organ of lateral line - instead of detecting water movement it detects endolymph movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What direction do each semicircular canal rotate the head?

A
  1. lateral = “no”
  2. anterior = “yes”
  3. posterior = “tilt head”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do hair cells of the ear respond to?

A

CHANGE in endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes dizziness when spinning?

A

fluid has inertia - spin then stop causes endolymph to continue spinning and endolymph continuing to stimulate hair cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Otoliths

A

crystals that move in response to gravitational forces (CaCO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When an elevator starts to drop you sense this via _____.

A

saccule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When a plane accelerates for take off you sense this with the ______.

A

utricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does CN 8 take its information?

A

from vestibular brach into cerebellum - and cochlear branch into thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Auditory system of fish:

A
  1. no pinna/tympanum
  2. no ear bones
  3. lagena = non-coiled cochlea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the order that sound waves pass through a fish?

A

water -> fish tissue -> sacculus -> utriculus -> lagena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can you use to age fish?

A

the amount of concentric rings on otoliths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anatomy of avian ear:

A
  1. elongation of the lagena (cochlea)
  2. one ossicle - stapes/columella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why do owl have great hearing?

A
  1. because they have L&R ears, but also have one higher than the other - vertical & horizontal directions
  2. no pinna, but feathers funnel into ear
  3. very large external ear canals covered by movable flap
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of auditory bullae

A

bouncing around increases amplitude of sound - resonance chamber amplification (like acoustic guitar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the pupil?

A

lack of structure open space

28
Q

What happens to the pupil in well-lit areas?

A
  • pupillary constriction (via parasympathetic)
  • sphincter pupillae - muscle contracts
  • dilator papillae - muscle relaxes
29
Q

What happens to the pupil in dimly-lit areas?

A
  • pupillary dilation (sympathetic)
  • sphincter pupillae - muscle relaxes
  • dilator pupillae - muscle contracts
30
Q

Lens

A

focuses light on fovea centralis

31
Q

Why would people need corrective lenses?

A

if light is not focused on fovea centralis

32
Q

How does visual accommodation work in bony fish and non-amniote vertebrates?

A

lens moves forwards and backwards (similar to camera lens)

33
Q

How does visual accommodation work in amniotes?

A

lens changes shape - thick & think - but it stays in the same place
(far=thin; close=thick) - does this with the ciliary muscle

34
Q

How does the ciliary muscle (body) contract for near vision?

A
  • sphincter muscle
  • suspensory ligaments relax as ciliary body contracts
  • lens rounded
  • near point of accommodation limited by natural shape of lens
35
Q

How does the ciliary muscle (body) relaxes for distant vision?

A
  • suspensory ligaments taut
  • lens flattens out
36
Q

What are the 3 limits to visual accommodation?

A
  1. no antagonistic muscles
  2. near vision limited by natural shape of lens
  3. distant vision limited by shape of relaxed sphincter
37
Q

Presbyopia

A
  • lens loses flexibility; doesn’t get as thick
  • common in middle age
  • near point of accommodation increases
  • focal point behind retina
38
Q

Why is there a blind spot?

A

There is a spot where there is no rods or cones so light detection doesn’t exist - there’s nothing there because its where the optic nerve is (also no retina)

39
Q

What animal does not have a blind spot?

A

mollusks

40
Q

Rods & cones definition

A
  • absorptive range of visual pigments
  • 400-750nm wavelength (visible range)
41
Q

What are the three types of cones in humans?

A
  1. blue cones
  2. green cones
  3. red cones
    - named after the color they are sensitive to
42
Q

Define cones.

A
  1. color vision
  2. need lots of light
  3. high visual acuity
  4. more towards center of eye
43
Q

Define rods.

A
  1. presence/absence of light
  2. function in low light
  3. low visual acuity (high convergence)
  4. more towards periphery
44
Q
A
45
Q

Why do humans have good depth perception?

A

because of the overlap between each eye

46
Q

What is the trend by trophic level for depth perception and vision?

A
  • herbivore has broader vision, but less overlap
  • carnivore has narrower vision, but more overlap
47
Q

What kind of photoreceptors did ancestral vertebrates have?

A

tetrachromatic (red, blue, green, violet)

48
Q

What kind of photoreceptors do cats and dogs have?

A

dichromatic vision (blue, green) - have way better night vision and more rods

49
Q

What is the benefit of evolving to be a trichromate?

A
  1. sexual communication (red bottoms)
  2. finding fruit
50
Q

What are the 2 types of colorblindness?

A
  1. trichromatic - green shifts to red - 5% of males
  2. dichromatic - no green cones/only red and blue - 1% of males
51
Q

Why is colorblindness in males?

A

because blue is autosomal and green & red is on x-chromosome

52
Q

What animals are tetrachromatic and what is the new color?

A

fish, reptiles, birds - violet (UV range)

53
Q

What cones do insects have?

A

trichromatic - UV,B,G

54
Q

What features do nocturnal animals have?

A
  1. tapetum lucidum
  2. rods (increase)
  3. vertical pupils (slit shape cats-larger range of open close)
  4. large eyes (owls)
55
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A

reflects light - gives good night vision by giving rods a “second chance” at light

56
Q

How do owls see well at night?

A

They have large eyes, but because of this they have little extra-ocular musculature, so they can’t move their eyes. To compensate for this they can turn their heads 270* in each direction

57
Q

Sclerotic ring

A

ring of eye bone in birds - protects and keeps sclera in place under high pressure during flying

58
Q

Nictitating membrane

A

3rd eyelid - protects eyes while still giving visibility

59
Q

What animals have a nictitating membrane?

A

sharks, birds, reptiles and some mammals

60
Q

How does the nictitating membrane close?

A

medial-lateral

61
Q

What is the vestigial nictitating membrane in humans?

A

plica semilunaris

62
Q

Pit organs

A

thermoreception - heat coming off of prey in IR spectrum

63
Q

What are two examples of pit organ thermoreception?

A
  1. IR sensitive free nerve endings - vampire bats - have them on mouth and go to where heat is given off
  2. IR detection in snakes - labial pits
64
Q

What’s the function of the tensor tympani?

A

tighten tympanic membrane

65
Q

What’s the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

pull stapes away from oval window

66
Q
A

a- scala vestibuli (vestibular duct)
b- scala media (cochlear duct)
c- scala tympani (tympanic duct)
d- cochlear nerve division of the vestibulocohlear nerve

CVA (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions