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ANAPHY > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

A. Anterior Pituitary Gland
B. Posterior Pituitary Gland

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2
Q

Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are
released into the blood

A

Endocrine System

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3
Q

Amino acid-based hormones

A

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

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4
Q

made from cholesterol

A

Steroids

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5
Q

made from highly active lipids

A

Prostaglandins

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6
Q
  1. Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
  2. Enter the nucleus
  3. Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
  4. Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
  5. Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
A

Steroid Hormone Action

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7
Q

Non-steroid Hormone Action
1. Hormone binds to a membrane receptor
2. Hormone does not enter the cell
3. Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
4. Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
5. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response

A

Non-steroid Hormone Action

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8
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are
maintained by

A

negative feedback

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9
Q

low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of
more hormone

A

A stimulus

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10
Q

release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is
reached

A

Hormone

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11
Q
  • Endocrine glands are activated by other
    hormones
A

Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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12
Q
  • Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release
  • Most are under control of the sympathetic
    nervous system
A

Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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13
Q
  • Changing blood levels of certain ions
    stimulate hormone release
A

Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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14
Q
  • Pea-sized
  • Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
  • Surrounded by the sella turcica (“Turk’s saddle”) of the sphenoid bone
A

Pituitary Gland

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15
Q

– glandular tissue

A

Anterior pituitary

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16
Q

nervous tissue

A

Posterior pituitary

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17
Q
  • General metabolic hormone
  • Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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18
Q
  • Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
  • Function in males is unknown
A

Prolactin (PRL)

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19
Q

➢ Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic Hormones

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20
Q

Stimulates follicle development (ovaries)and sperm development (testes)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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21
Q

Triggers ovulation (females) and testosterone production (males)

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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22
Q
  • Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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23
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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24
Q
  • Release of hormones is controlled by
    releasing and inhibiting hormones produced
    by the hypothalamus
A

Pituitary - Hypothalamus Relationship

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25
Q

produces two hormones that
are transported to neurosecretory cells of
the posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

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26
Q
  • Stimulates contractions of the uterus during
    labor
  • Causes milk ejection
A

Oxytocin

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27
Q
  • Can inhibit urine production
  • In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction
    leading to increased blood pressure
    (vasopressin)
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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28
Q
  • Found at the base of the throat
  • Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
  • Composed of hollow structures called follicles
A

Thyroid Gland

29
Q

Produces two hormones

A

▪Thyroid hormone
▪Calcitonin

30
Q
  • Major metabolic hormone
  • Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
A

Thyroid Hormone

31
Q

secreted by thyroid follicles

A

Thyroxine (T4)

32
Q

conversion of T4 at target tissues

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

33
Q
  • Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
  • Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
A

Calcitonin

34
Q
  • Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
A

Parathyroid Gland

35
Q
  • Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from
    bone
  • Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
  • Hypercalcemic
A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

36
Q

outer glandular region in three layers

A

Cortex

37
Q

Inner neural tissue region

A

Medulla

38
Q

Adrenal Cortex
Contains three concentric zones

A

-> Zona Glomerulosa (superficial)
-> Zona Fasiculata (middle)
-> Zona Reticularis (innermost)

39
Q

Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and
electrolyte balance
Stimulated by renin and aldosterone
Inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Zona Glomerulosa

40
Q

Help resist long-term stressors
Released in response to increased blood levels of
ACTH

A

Zona Fasiculata

41
Q

Responsible for formation of secondary sexual
characteristics

A

Zona Reticularis

42
Q

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
* Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
* Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

A

Catecholamines

43
Q

has both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Mixed gland

44
Q

α-cells

A

Hyperglycemic

45
Q

Β-cells

A

Hypoglycemic

46
Q

Delta cells

A

Inhibits pancreatic, and pituitary secretions

47
Q
  • Found on the third ventricle of the brain* AKA Epiphysis Cerebri
A

Pineal Gland

48
Q

▪Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

A

Melatonin

49
Q

Located posterior to the sternum
Largest in infants and children

A

Thymus

50
Q

▪Matures some types of white blood cells
▪Important in developing the immune system

A

Thymosin

51
Q

▪Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
▪Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
▪Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

A

Estrogens

52
Q

▪Produced by the corpus luteum
▪Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
▪Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

A

Progesterone

53
Q

Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing
Produce several androgens

A

Hormones of the Testes

54
Q

▪Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
▪Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
▪Required for sperm cell production

A

Testosterone

55
Q

preparing the breasts for lactation

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

56
Q

causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis
to relax

A

Relaxin

57
Q

is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries

A

Menopause

58
Q

production declines with age

A

Growth hormone

59
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

– Hyposecretion of ADH
- Increased volume of urine
- Frequent urination

60
Q

Hyposceretion of GH during childhood

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

61
Q

Hypersecretion of GH during childhood

A

Pituitary Gigantism

62
Q
  • Hypersecretion of GH after long bone growth has ended
  • Facial bones (ridges of eyebrows and lower jaw) are enlarged
  • Hands also become enlarged
A

Acromegaly

63
Q

Hyposecretion of FSH and LH for both males and females

A

Sterility

64
Q
  • Hyposecretion of Thyroxine in early childhood
  • Short, stocky body type.
  • Causes mental retardation of severe hypothyroidism
A

Cretinism

65
Q
  • Hypothyroidism in adulthood
  • Adults-lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair
A

Myxedema

66
Q
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Causes exophthalmic goiter.
  • Edema behind eyes causes bulging
A

Grave’s disease

67
Q
  • Enlargement of the thyroid gland
  • Diet is deficient in iodine
A

Goiters

68
Q
  • ACTH accumulates causing stimulation of melanocytes (bronze skin color).
A

Addison’s Disease

69
Q
  • Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex hormone, cortisol is primary problem.
  • Results in Diabetes mellitus from increased blood glucose;
  • Subcutaneous fat deposited in midsection;
  • High blood pressure
A

Cushing’s Syndrome

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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