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Sustainable Development m. 3 &4 > M4 > Flashcards

M4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘the economy’?

A

The system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country is made
and used.
A set of processes that involves its
culture, values, education, technological
evolution, history, social organization, political
structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors.

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2
Q

What kind of decoupling has the EU seen?

A

carbon footprint fell by 22%, even as the economy grew by 58% (issues with territorial carbon counting as well; EU as a whole has higher carbon footprint). This is relative decoupling.

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3
Q

How much chance do we have of staying below 1.5 degrees according to IPCC?

A

A 66% chance

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4
Q

How much carbon budget do we have according to IPCC?

A

420Gt co2

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5
Q

What is the average rate of co2 decline atm?

A

Less than 1%

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6
Q

What happens to decoupling when the economy grows?

A

The larger the economy becomes, the more dificult to decouple it.

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7
Q

Why do unregulated markets overproduce CO2?

A

Because the CO2 costs are not calculated into the transactions

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8
Q

What is a market failure?

A

when markets do not maximise society’s welfare; outcome is not pareto efficient (optimised)
OR mismatch between private + social costs/benefits

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9
Q

is climate change a market failure?

A

yes

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10
Q

What contributes to the climate change market failure?

A

No solution for the GHG externality; only ethical incentive for businesses right now

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11
Q

What are common solutions to the climate change market failure?

A

higher prices on carbon emissions, low carbon tech

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12
Q

What are other climate-related externalities?

A

Lack of information on how to reduce emissions, network effects, lack of innovation incentives, animal abuse

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13
Q

What do households give to businesses?

A

labour and knowledge

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14
Q

What do companies give to households?

A

goods and services

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15
Q

what do companies and households give to government?

A

taxes

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16
Q

what does government give to companies and households?

A

wages or consumption, infrastructure, institutions, other services

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17
Q

Imperfect markets are…

A
  • monopolies
  • info-asymmetry
  • externalities
  • assumption of homo economicus
  • tragedy of the commons
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18
Q

Ultimate ends (daly triangle)

A

Wellbeing

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19
Q

Intermediate ends (daly triangle)

A

human capital and social capital

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20
Q

intermediate means (daly triangle)

A

built and human capital

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21
Q

ultimate means (daly triangle)

A

natural capital

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22
Q

tech progress can overcome poverty, can grow within planetary boundaries

A

smithian/tech optimism

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23
Q

ideology that says that we need to scale down and adhere to the planetary boundaries; in the long run the econmy will be at a steady state, poor people need to invest in having children

A

malthusian pessimism

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24
Q

How to calculate the market equilibrium

A

MPB = MSB = MPC

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25
Q

Marginal social cost > marginal private cost

A

Negative externalities

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26
Q

Marginal private benefits > marginal social benefits

A

Positive externalities

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27
Q

Are categories of environmental problems difficult to quantify cost-wise?

A

Yes!

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28
Q

Why would we focus on consumption in environmental issues?

A

Improving supply is too limited
Consumption solutions are ready and do not require investment
Consumption tackles responsibility issues

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29
Q

Hypothesis that suggests that environmental degradation worsens at the beginning of economic growth but gets better after a certain (bell curve) turning point.

A

Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis

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30
Q

What are 3 core degrowth values

A

autonomy, sufficiency, care

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31
Q

flow of products + the actors involved at each stage and value that these actors add

A

value chain

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32
Q

production, processing, distribution, retail processes that might happen before something gets to be the final product

A

supply chain

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33
Q

need to stay above this minimum resource use threshold (i.e. the ‘social foundation’) and below theenvironmental ceiling (as defined by the planetary boundaries concept)

A

doughnut economics (stay inside the filling of the donut)

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34
Q

Why could there be a food shortage?

A

inflation, war/conflict, concentrated markets for food industry, energy and fertiliser crisis, water crisis,

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35
Q

what to do against food shortage?

A

provide international assistence (emergency), support national social systems, strengthen food systems.

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36
Q

What crops are already seeing yield reduction?

A

soy, general, maize,

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37
Q

Are agricultural pests spreading?

A

Yes!

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38
Q

Do big farms get a lot of subsidy?

A

Yes!

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39
Q

What (4) is necessary for the food transition?

A

dietary change
reduce food waste
improve food production
save land for biodiversity/carbon sink

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40
Q

difficulties with food research

A

uncertainties, different data, different models, hard to judge if solutions have worked, for how long

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41
Q

Process of LED lights (red and blue), ovening plants, light, evaporation, temperature valves used to control plant output

A

indoor plant farming

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42
Q

nutritious, -95% water, no pesticides, affordable (eventually), local jobs, no waste, longer shelf life, resilient plants, less energy, labour and operational costs

A

selling points of indoor farming

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43
Q

issues with indoor farming

A

too high tech for global south

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44
Q

formal exercises aimed at engaging stakeholders to find out how important specific environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues are to them.

A

Materiality assessments

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45
Q

natural assets in their role of providing natural resource inputs and environmental services for economic production.

A

natural capital

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46
Q

A business approach in which a company puts back more into society, the environment and the global economy than it takes out.

A

net positive

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47
Q

What are the four steps of the conservation mitigation hierarchy?

A

refrain, reduce, restore, renew

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48
Q

refrain example (conservation)

A

e.g. mitigation: retain important biodiversity in development sites
e.g. conservation: proactively protect nature sites

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49
Q

Reduce example (conservation)

A

e.g. mitigation: best practices for industries to produce
e.g. conservation: proactive forest/indigenous peoples protection

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50
Q

Restore example (conservation)

A

e.g. mitigation: replanting and restocking areas
e.g. conservation: restore degraded areas of production

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51
Q

what sector is going through the largest increase in energy use?

A

consumption-sector

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52
Q

circular economy charactersitics

A
  1. non linear supply chain
  2. output of one process is the input of another
  3. resources not exploited or wasted
  4. dougnut economics: planetary boundaries
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53
Q

circular economy solutions

A
  1. residual waste management
  2. closing supply chains
  3. product lifetime extension
  4. resource efficiency
54
Q

Important to think about for CE projections

A

assumptions, time, impact/indicator, explore what-ifs

55
Q

key domains of consumption emissions

A
  1. housing and shelter
  2. mobility
  3. food
56
Q

input-output analysis

A

good to use

57
Q

is linear modelling acceptable?

A

Yes, but doesnt include fluctuating things that are more complex like education or gender or anything like that.

58
Q

Long-term vs short-term
Quant vs qual
Regional vs global
Forecasting vs backcasting
Scenario vs storyline
Baseline vs transition

A

Questions you can ask yourself while projecting or making scenarios.

59
Q

Objectives of IAM (integrated assessment modelling)

A

Large-scale and long-term interactions between humand and earth system globally
Assessing/exploring mitigation and adaptation options based on these global findings

60
Q

How much of household water usage is hidden?

A

95%

61
Q

Ecological credit/debt

A

When a country has a lower/higher footprint than its biocapacity

62
Q

What would no decoupling mean?

A

a linear, one-to-one relationship

63
Q

What are the economic valuation methods for nature (cost/benefit analysis)?

A

Direct use values: resource extraction
Passive values: ecosystem services.

64
Q

LCA scale

A

micro-scale

65
Q

LCA steps

A

1 goal, scope, definition
2 inventory analysis, data collection
3 impact assessment
4 interpretation

66
Q

defining system boundary (where, what), gate to gate vs cradle to gate vs cradle to grave, functional unit

A

LCA step 1

67
Q

data collection, modelling, economic allocation (allocate revenue), mass allocation (most quantity), environmental interventions

A

LCA step 2

68
Q

consistency check, completeness check, contribution analysis

A

LCA step 4

69
Q

impact assessment

A

LCA step 3

70
Q

The idea of “foods from nowhere”
Rural lands and peoples will continue to be appropriated and disposessed
Animal abuse and exploitative labour relations
Externalizes real costs to the future or to ‘invisible’ externalities.
what are these consequences of?

A

the capitalistic food system

71
Q

What are post-growth attributes?

A

sufficiency over efficiency
regeneration over extraction
distribution over accumulation
commons over private ownership
care over control

72
Q

Why are small-scale farmers and urban/rural gardening important?

A

Community, culture, education, shortening food-circuits, water/land efficiency,

73
Q

SSP1

A

sustainable;( sustainable growth and equality)

74
Q

ssp2

A

middle of the road; (socioeconomic and tech patterns do not shift markedly from historical patterns)

75
Q

ssp3

A

regional rivalry; (fragmented world of resurgent nationalism; competitiveness, insecurity, domestic issues.)

76
Q

ssp4

A

Inequality; (Ever increasing inequality.)

77
Q

ssp5

A

regional rivalry/rocky road; (rapid and extreme growth, faith in tech process and economic development and fossil fuels.)

78
Q

Is energy use increase affecting social wellbeing?

A

Yes, but only before a certain threshold in which all human needs are met

79
Q

What are need satisfiers?

A

Culturally defined needs

80
Q

What are human needs?

A

Universally necessary needs for the human body

81
Q

What is the bottom-up approach in necessity calculation?

A

That we look at what we would need for a good, decent life (in energy use, consumption etc. )and we calculate from there what we need for it (rather than start calculating from production, and assuming that more is always better)

82
Q

What is the bottom-up approach in necessity calculation?

A

That we look at what we would need for a good, decent life (in energy use, consumption etc.)and we calculate from there what we need for it (rather than start calculating from production, and assuming that more is always better)

83
Q

Attempt to capture all
costs/benefits into economic
terms; passive and direct

A

Total Economic Valuation (TEV)

84
Q

Economic or non-economic method to compare policy impact(s), puts weights/values to different policy ideas with different values

A

Multi-criteria/weighted analysis

85
Q

Compares traditional econmic costs and benefits, excludes externalities

A

Cost benefit analysis (CBA)

86
Q

the extent to which
we can exclude groups from
consuming a good

A

excludability

87
Q

How one person’s
marginal consumption of a good
affects someone else’s ability to
consume that same good

A

rivalry

88
Q

tragedy of the commons formula

A

high rivalry + low excludability = tragedy of the commons

89
Q

Consequences of the state ‘protecting nature/resources’

A

public goods become rivalrous AND excludable

90
Q

benefit from unit change in product

A

marginal benefit

91
Q

MPB=MSC=MPC (externality calculations)

A

Market equilibrium/market optimum

92
Q

The calculated difference between the private and the social is the…

A

social welfare loss (when private costs are lower than social costs)

93
Q

What does the traditional demand/supply graph not account for?

A

Spillover costs/benefits
● Social welfare loss
● Socially optimal market equilibrium

94
Q

Producer willingness to sell (S)
● Consumer willingness to pay (D)
● Equilibrium between private parties

A

traditional demand-supply curve

95
Q

How does globalisation affect consumer patterns?

A

Globalisation detaches the consumer from the scale, space, and time impact and accountability

96
Q

How does inequality tie into overconsumption?

A

Inequality may influence status anxiety + materialism

97
Q

What bars individual change in behaviour for the climate?

A

money, time, availability (3), education, accessibility,

98
Q

What is an issue with behavioural efficiency improvements?

A

They are balanced again by us spending our money on other things by saving on environment

99
Q

For how much will consumer change account for systemic change?

A

25-50%

100
Q

How to increase pro-environmental behaviour

A

choice architecture (incentives, conditions)
Education
Social norms and shift to long-termism.

101
Q

Accept what aligns with our values

A

cognitive bia

102
Q

My actions are nill

A

defeatism

103
Q

What are issues with climate education?

A

knowledge gaps, misinformation, hard to reach groups, high impact groups not targeted

104
Q

s the environmental kuznet curve work in countries?

A

Only in a small number of countries is it true

105
Q
  • Reducing yield gaps
  • Precision agriculture
  • Perennials
  • GMOs (tolerance to CC)
  • Synthetic proteins
  • Agroecology
  • Vertical farming
  • Limited herbicides or pesticides or:
  • Mechanical weeding & pesticides
  • More able to multicrop
  • More monitoring and real-time ag
    What are these examples of?
A

Production innovation in the food system

106
Q

What does it mean that only a few corporations own a whole production/food chain?

A

It means there is a huge concentration of power industrially.

107
Q

How is poverty connected to sustainability issues?

A

child labour, malnutrition, deforestation, gender inequality, forced labour, nos ustainable agricultural practices

108
Q

What are the characteristics of a linear ecoonomy?

A

Take -> Make -> dispose

109
Q

What are three theoretical lenses for doing lifestyle assessments?

A

improve (efficiency) -> shift (transition) -> avoid (sufficiency)

110
Q

Insulate housing, switch to smaller car, choose rregenerative farming is an example of…

A

Improve (efficiency)

111
Q

Renewable electricity, switching to an electric car, eating vegan is an example of…

A

shift (modal shift)

112
Q

Reducing living space, oving closer to work, reducing food waste is an example of…

A

avoid

113
Q

What is the use of social tipping points?

A

Social tipping elements can boost
decarbonization efforts by
boosting one another (social
dynamics)

114
Q

the composition of the food basket changes with income (less starch, more rich).

A

Bennet’s law

115
Q

as income increases, the proportion spent on food declines

A

Engel’ s law

116
Q

Long-term vs. short-term
* Quantitative vs. Qualitative
* Regional vs. Global
* Forecasting vs. Backcasting
* Scenario vs. Storyline
* Baseline vs. Transition
These are…

A

questions for different scenarios

117
Q

the analysis of reception of the raw materials to the completion of the production process

A

gate to gate (production process)

118
Q

cradle to cradle

A

design philosophy in which there is a closed cycle

119
Q

crop cultivation -> feed mill

A

cradle (birth of product) to gate (completion of production process)

120
Q

crop cultivation -> consumption

A

cradle to grave

121
Q

artificial grass more sustainable over long-term than regular grass is an example of…

A

That LCA is complicated

122
Q

partitioning the input and/or output flows of a process to the product system under study.

A

allocation

123
Q

allocating input and output flows of a process according to mass/quantity

A

mass allocation

124
Q

Allocating input and output flows of a process according to money flows

A

Economic allocation

125
Q

an analytical method to quantify flows and stocks of materials or substances in a well-defined system; an important tool to study the bio-physical aspects of human activity on different spatial and temporal scales.

A

Material Flow Analysis (MFA)

126
Q

a quantitative economic model that represents the interdependencies between different sectors of a national economy or different regional economies; shows different influxes and shows different factors that are all interrelated so that we can do calculations with them

A

Input -Ouput Analysis (I&O/IOA)

127
Q

a quantitative economic modelen that represents the interdependencies between different sectors of a national economy or different regional economies; shows different influxes and shows different factors that are all interrelated so that we can do calculations with them

A

Input -Ouput Analysis (I&O/IOA)

128
Q

Environmental extensions

A

extensions from IOA that are related to environment; resource extraction, land use, water, emissions

129
Q

extension coefficients and coefficients

A

What will usually be added to the IOA to make EEIO (environmentally extended Input Output Analysis)

130
Q

Main difference between EEIO and MFA

A

monetary vs physical transactions
across all sectors vs one specific bulk of materials or substance across sectors
trade vs physical flows

131
Q

MFA level

A

meso

132
Q

EEIO level

A

macro

Sustainable Development m. 3 &4 (2 decks)

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