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Biology > Bio Ch 6-7 > Flashcards

Bio Ch 6-7 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-> RNA-> Protein
- How Genes get Expressed
1st Transcription- info turned into mRNA(messenger RNA)
2nd Translation- amino acids, ribosomes, and mRNA come together to make a protein

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2
Q

In transcription, a strand of DNA will be

A

a template strand for RNA

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3
Q

Transcription occurs in the

A

nucleus

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4
Q

Every person’s DNA is

A

unique (makes you you)

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5
Q

But we all have the

A

universal code for DNA

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6
Q

We leave a trail of DNA behind us

A

throughout our daily activities

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7
Q

DNA can

A

identify an individual

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8
Q

DNA is found in

A

almost every cell in our body

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9
Q

DNA contains instructions for

A

function of our cells
- including making proteins

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10
Q

DNA can

A

solve crimes
paternity suits
gene editing- could cure genetic disorders

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11
Q

Double Helix of DNA

A

2 Deoxyribose sugar-phosphate backbones

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12
Q

Nucleotide

A

unit of DNA molecule: phosphate, sugar, nitrogen-containing base

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13
Q

Base Pairs

A

connected with hydrogen bond

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14
Q

DNA is the universal code for all life on earth

A

the difference is how they’re expressed and their pairing

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15
Q

Genome

A

An organism’s complete set of DNA

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16
Q

Chromosome

A

1 or more unique pieces of DNA
Pairs of Maternal and Paternal chromosomes
23 pairs or 46 total in humans

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17
Q

Gene

A

a specific sequence of DNA (3,000 base pairs long)
has a specific region on the chromosome

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18
Q

Locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome
- important for genetic disorders

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19
Q

Alleles

A

different versions of a gene that code for the same feature
gene: color of flowers
allele: the various colors

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20
Q

Trait

A

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

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21
Q

Not all DNA contains instructions for making proteins

A

more DNA doesn’t mean an organism is more complex
Humans have less DNA than Amoeba
- how much of that DNA is used and what it’s used for

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22
Q

Junk DNA

A

DNA not used for the making of proteins

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23
Q

2% of DNA used for

A

the making of proteins

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24
Q

Bacteria and viruses genes make up

A

90% or more of DNA

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25
Q

Eukaryotes (except yeasts) have a large amount of

A

non-coding DNA

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26
Q

Introns

A

non-coding regions within genes

27
Q

Genotype

A

the genes that an organism carries for a particular trait

28
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical manifestation of the genes for a particular trait
-physical trait

29
Q

All of your cells have the same DNA
How they differ is…

A

specific cells have specific genes work; turned on
other genes are turned off

30
Q

Transcription

A

info coded in DNA is copied into mRNA

31
Q

Translation

A

use info to make protein

32
Q

Transcription Steps

A
  1. Recognize and Bind
  2. Transcribe
  3. Terminate
  4. Cap and Edit
    Unwind and Rewind
33
Q
  1. Recognize and Bind
A

RNA polymerase enzyme recognizes a promoter site and binds to one strand of DNA and begins reading the gene’s message- how genes get expressed

34
Q
  1. Transcribe
A

As DNA strand is processed through RNA polymerase, RNA polymerase builds a single-stranded RNA copy of the gene; called mRNA transcript

35
Q
  1. Terminate
A

When RNA polymerase encounters a code signaling the end of a gene, it stops transcription and releases the mRNA transcript

36
Q
  1. Cap and Edit
A

in eukaryotes, mRNA receive extra processing before translated into protein
A cap and tail often added for protection and promote recognition, non-coding sections are removed

37
Q

Unwind and Rewind

A

during transcription
RNA polymerase moves down strand of DNA, helix unwinds so DNA can be read
DNA already transcribed winds back up into double helix

38
Q

Mutation

A

an alteration to the sequence of bases in DNA
- may be detrimental or very rarely beneficial
neutral= no + or - effect on organism

39
Q

Mutations are essential to

A

evolution
- species wouldn’t evolve without mutations

40
Q

Mutations either occur in

A

your body cells or your sex cells: sperm or egg cells

41
Q

Mutations in Non-Sex cells

A

bad health consequences in person carrying them
not passed to offspring

42
Q

Mutations in Sex cells

A

no adverse health effects on individual carrying them
can be passed to offspring

43
Q

2 types of changes in DNA

A

Point Mutation- specific nucleotide(s) altered
Chromosomal Aberrations- whole section of chromosome altered

44
Q

3 types of Point Mutation

A
  1. Substitution
  2. Insertion
  3. Deletion
45
Q

Substitution

A

substitute 1 nucleotide for another
- not as terrible as others, may not be affected

46
Q

Insertion

A

insert another nucleotide, shifts DNA sequence

47
Q

Deletion

A

remove nucleotide, shifts DNA sequence

48
Q

3 types of Chromosomal Aberrations

A
  1. Gene Deletion
  2. Gene Relocation
  3. Gene Duplication
49
Q
  1. Gene Deletion
A

delete entire section of chromosome

50
Q

Gene Relocation

A

section removed and attached to a different chromosome

51
Q

Chief Causes of Mutations

A

Spontaneous Mutation- arises by accident during DNA replication
Environmental Factors
- Radiation-induced mutations-> ex: x-rays
- Chemical-induced mutations-> ex: smoking

52
Q

Biotechnology

A

organisms, cells, and their molecules are modified to achieve practical benefits

53
Q

Biotech: Agriculture

A

-pest and disease resistance
- increased crop yields
- reduced costs
- some reduced pesticide use

54
Q

Biotech: Human Health

A

-some success treating diseases
- more efficient/ effective medicine production -> less demand= higher cost
- improvements in diagnosing and screening for genetic diseases

55
Q

Biotech: Forensic Science

A
  • advances in capabilities of law enforcement to catch criminals
  • improvements/ reforms in criminal justice system
56
Q

Ethical issues of biotech

A

Environmental Issues
Side Effects

57
Q

Biotech Application Steps

A
  1. Chop gene
  2. Amplify gene
  3. Insert gene
  4. Grow gene
58
Q
  1. Chop gene
A

isolating a gene of interest using restriction enzymes; do the cutting

59
Q
  1. Amplify gene
A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- machine tech
- make copies of gene

60
Q
  1. Insert gene
A

using plasmids to transfer DNA from 1 organism to another
plasmids- circular pieces of DNA from bacteria

61
Q
  1. Grow gene
A

creating a gene library

62
Q

Ex of Biotech Application: Insulin

A

Isolate insulin gene
cut it out
make copies using PCR
put into bacterial DNA: insertion, allows it to be expressed
bacteria grows the DNA to produce gene library and make insulin

63
Q

CRISPER

A

system for editing DNA with a great deal of precision and efficiency
- enables researchers to modify almost any gene in any organism
- naturally occurs in almost half of all bacteria as a mechanism for recording encounters with viral DNA and using that info to protect against future infections
- acts like bacteria

64
Q

Issues of CRISPER

A

legal battle over ownership and rights to CRISPER tech and who will profit
ethical: editing embryos and germline cells: sperm and egg cells
unpredictable or unintended consequences of gene manipulation

Biology (4 decks)

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