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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 > HUMAN REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

HUMAN REPRODUCTION Flashcards

Chapter 9

1
Q

What does the reproductive system do?

A

Prepare the body for reproductive efforts

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2
Q

Our bodies are constantly in survival mode every day. What is the action/mode our bodies switch to for the purpose of reproduction or when there is a reproductive opportunity?

A

Sexual Response/Reproductive mode

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3
Q

What are the parts of the sexual response cycle?

A
  1. Arousal Phase
  2. Plateau Phase
  3. Orgasmic (Climactic) Phase
  4. Resolution Phase
    Remember Acronym A.P.O.R.
    All People Obey Rules
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4
Q

What is the arousal phase?

A

Normal activity > reproductive activity

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5
Q

What is the plateau phase?

A

When our body functions in reproductive mode

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6
Q

What is the orgasmic (climactic) phase?

A

When reproduction can occur (in some cases it won’t but this is the suggested phase)

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7
Q

What is the resolution phase?

A

When the body falls back into survival mode after a reproductive event

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8
Q

True or False? The body must go through every single step of the sexual response cycle to reproduce.

A

False. The sexual response cycle is a biological setup or setting. These steps are not always followed in some cases. Reproduction can still occur without following all four steps.

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9
Q

What are characteristics of the male arousal phase?

A

-Erection
-Sperm movement from the epididymis
-Increased heart, breath, and metabolic rates
-Increase sweat and oil releases
-Increase cortisol/epinephrine production

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the female arousal phase?

A

-Erection
-Relaxation of the vagina
-Increase fluid releases
-Increase heart, breath, and metabolic rates
-Increase sweat and oil releases
-Increase cortisol/epinephrine production

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11
Q

Why must the vagina relax and release fluid?

A

In order to allow easy insertion of the penis. The vagina is naturally in a flat position so it expands into a circular one while the lining of it releases fluid as well.

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12
Q

What does the release of cortisol and epinephrine(adrenaline) do?

A

Increase heart, breath rate, metabolism, and blood flow

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the male plateau phase?

A

-Continuation of arousal activities
-Flushed skin – Face, ears
-Dilated eyes, open eyelids
-Enlarged, reddened lips
-Mucous release from the bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

What is the name of the mucous released from the bulbourethral gland and what does it do?

A

Premature ejaculation / lubricates the penis and allows for easier insertion

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15
Q

What is the main characteristic shared in the plateau phase?

A

The blood flow to external surfaces

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the female plateau phase?

A

-Continuation of arousal activities
-Flushed skin – Face, ears
-Dilated eyes, open eyelids
-Enlarged, reddened lips

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17
Q

What occurs to a male during the orgasmic phase?

A

Ejaculation and contraction of muscles

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18
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

A quantity of semen with sperm

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19
Q

What occurs to a female during the orgasmic phase?

A

A spike in fluid releases, contraction of muscles, and the release of oxytocin

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20
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

A hormone released for the purpose of stimulating muscle contraction

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21
Q

What occurs in the male AND female resolution phases? (these are the same)

A

-Refractory period
-Decreased heart, breath, and metabolic rates
-Decreased oil and sweat releases
-Decreased cortisol/epinephrine production

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22
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

A time of non-response (mainly concerning arousal, cannot be done for a certain amount of time)

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23
Q

What phase lasts the longest? Why?

A

The plateau phase. It is considered to be more of a social aspect instead of a physical one.

24
Q

What are reproductive controls?

A

control or coercion over reproductive decisions. AKA birth control, contraceptives

25
Q

What are some natural mechanisms of reproductive control?

A

-Sterility
-Infertility
-Abstinence
-rhythm method
-symptothermal method
-coitus interruptus
-natural abortions/marriages

26
Q

What is sterility?

A

full inability to affect sexual reproduction. Examples would include the inability to produce sperm or oocytes

27
Q

What is infertility?

A

Inability to conceive/reproduce regularly due to certain conditions

28
Q

What is abstinence?

A

The act of refraining from something ( in this case: intercourse)

29
Q

What is the rhythm method?

A

also known as ‘the calendar method” is a form of natural family planning based on the menstrual cycle

30
Q

How long does sperm live inside the vagina?

A

Three to four days

31
Q

What is the symptothermal method?

A

When the cycle is observed using more than one fertility awareness method. Typically involving the cervical fluid, basal body temperature, and others.

32
Q

What is coitus interruptus?

A

When the penis is removed from the vagina before ejaculation occurs.

33
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

Occurs when the body recognizes the development of the fetus is not normal. Rids of fetus.

34
Q

What are some examples of physical mechanisms to prevent reproduction?

A

-condom (covering for penis)
-sponge (covers cervix and is doused with spermicide)
-diaphragm (covers cervix)
-IUD (birth control)
-vaginal pouch (covering for vagina)

35
Q

What are chemical methods of preventing reproduction?

A

-The pill (birth control that is to be ingested orally)
-Depo Provera (a contraceptive injection that is HORRIBLE!! LOL typically given in glutes)
-Norplant (birth control inserted into the arm aka bar)
-spermicides
-induced abortions

36
Q

What occurs after ejaculation?

A

The sperm travels to the oocyte

37
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

Egg before maturation

38
Q

What must occur for the sperm to travel to the oocyte

A

The oocyte must be released during ovulation

39
Q

What is ovulation?

A

the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary

40
Q

How long does an oocyte live if not fertilized?

A

less than 24 hours

41
Q

What happens to the oocyte after it is released?

A

It is surrounded by the zona pellucida and corona radiata (granulosal cells)

42
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A thick extracellular coat that surrounds the oocyte

43
Q

What is the corona radiata

A

Two to three layers of cells that provide the oocyte with nutrition

44
Q

How long does the process of sperm getting to the oocyte take?

A

8 hours

45
Q

Why does sperm coagulate (solidify) at the cervix?

A

To protect the sperm from the acidic vaginal environment

46
Q

How long does it take for the reliquifying of semen to occur after coagulation?

A

30 minutes

47
Q

Where does sperm travel after reliquification?

A

Through the uterus and fallopian tubes

48
Q

Where does sperm typically meet the oocyte?

A

The ampulla (a part of the fallopian tube)

49
Q

What occurs during fertilization?

A

Multiple sperm penetrate the corona radiata to zona pellucida (protective layers of oocyte)

50
Q

What is an acrosome and what does it do?

A

The oval-shaped head of sperm/ they digest the protein matrix of the oocyte aka the protective layer

51
Q

What occurs when a single sperm contacts the membrane of the oocyte?

A

The entire zona pellucida solidifies to prevent polyspermy

52
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

When 2 or more sperm contact the oocyte membrane

53
Q

What happens after the sperm penetrates the oocyte?

A

The secondary oocyte completes meiosis and forms an egg with another polar body

54
Q

What occurs after the egg is formed?

A

The chromosomes from the egg and sperm and form a pronucleus inside the egg

55
Q

What is the egg considered after adapting a pronucleus?

A

A zygote

56
Q

What is cleavage?

A

When the zygote performs mitosis/mitotic division without cell growth. Divides cells continually.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 (4 decks)

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