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ENDOCRINOLOGY > 2. Anatomy of the Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

2. Anatomy of the Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

what is a GLAND

A

a group of cells that synthesise and secrete a substance for biological use

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2
Q

what is an EXOCRINE gland

A

has a DUCT
-usually secretes into a lumen

(excluding sweat glands)

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3
Q

what is an ENDOCRINE gland

A

secretes directly into BLOOD STREAM

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4
Q

Where is the HYPOTHALAMUS

A

below thalamus

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5
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS is a collection of…

A

NUCLEI
( neuro nuclei)

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6
Q

what are NUCLEI of the hypothalamus

A

small nerve cells are arranged into FUNCTIONAL GROUPS called nuclei.

each nuclei has a SPECIFIC ROLE
(Thermoregulation, osmoregulation,
satiety, ANS control, etc.)

  • neuro nucleus is a collection of cell bodies (different to a cellular nucleus)
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7
Q

PITUITARY GLAND is an … gland

A

ENDOCRINE

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8
Q

PITUITARY GLAND lies in the…

A

PITUITARY FOSSA of the SKULL

  • surrounded by BONE for PROTECTION
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9
Q

PITUITARY GLAND intricately connected to the

A

HYPOTHALAMUS
- receives instructions from hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary is a continuation of the hypothalamus

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10
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND has different types of

A

dedicated cells which synthesise and secrete these hormones

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11
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY produces:

A
  • PROLACTIN
  • GROWTH HORMONE
  • THYROTROPIN
  • ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
  • GONADOTROPINS eg FSH,LH
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12
Q

action of PROLACTIN from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

acts on MAMMARY GLANDS

results in MILK PRODUCTION

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13
Q

action of GROWTH HORMONE from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

acts on MSK system

results in growth, cell reproduction, regeneration of MSK

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14
Q

action of THYROTROPIN from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

acts on THYROID GLAND

results in T3, T4 production

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15
Q

action of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

Acts on ADRENAL CORTEX (suprarenal glands)

results in CORTISOL production & release

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16
Q

action of GONADOTROPINS eg FSH, LH from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

acts on GONADS - OVARIES, TESTES

results in: LH - triggers ovulation / testosterone release

FSH - regulates development, growth etc.

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17
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS synthesises and secretes … to influence activity of ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

RELEASING HORMONES (RH)
- allow release of pituitary hormone

eg, Growth hormone RH - allows release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary,

Prolactin RH
Thyrotropin RH
Gonadotropin RH
Corticotropin RH

INHIBITORY HORMONES (IH)
- inhibit release of pituitary hormones

growth hormone IH (somatostatin)
Prolactin IH (dopamine)

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18
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS synthesises and secretes … to influence activity of ANTERIOR PITUITARY (2)

A

RELEASING HORMONES (RH)
- allow release of pituitary hormone

eg, Growth hormone RH - allows release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary,

Prolactin RH
Thyrotropin RH
Gonadotropin RH
Corticotropin RH

INHIBITORY HORMONES (IH)
- inhibit release of pituitary hormones

growth hormone IH (somatostatin)
Prolactin IH (dopamine)

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19
Q

does POSTERIOR PITUITARY produce hormones

A

no
POSTERIOR PITUITARY SECRETES,
does NOT PRODUCE hormones

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20
Q

Where are POSTERIOR PITUITARY hormones PRODUCED

A

HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
(hypothalamus)

stored in and secreted from posterior pituitary

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21
Q

2 key HORMONES secreted by POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A
  • VASOPRESSIN (aka ADH)
  • OXYTOCIN
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22
Q

Function of VASOPRESSIN secreted by POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A
  • regulates OSMOTIC PRESSURE in
    BLOOD
  • stimulates WATER UPTAKE in KIDNEY
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23
Q

Function of OXYTOCIN secreted by POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A

-helps MILK production and BONDING after birth

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24
Q

how does ANTERIOR PITUITARY receive hormones from HYPOTHALAMUS

A

HYPOPHYSIAL PORTAL SYSTEM

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25
Q

What does the HYPOTHALAMUS control

A

ANS (autonomic nervous system)
& ENDOCRINE system
(both are linked)

Parasympathetic - pre-optic and anterior hypothalamic area

Sympathetic - Posterior & lateral nuclei influence

Endocrine - Mostly anterior nuclei influence pituitary activity

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26
Q

Hormones released from THYROID GLAND

A

T3 (tri-iodothyronine)
T4
(metabolism)

CALCITONIN (calcium homeostasis, lowers calcium levels when high by reducing uptake by gut and preventing breakdown of bone)

27
Q

name for ‘adam’s apple’

A

LARYNGEAL PROMINANCE

28
Q

Thyroid Cartilage forms part of

A

Larynx

(above thyroid)

29
Q

THYROID covers which TRACHEAL RINGS

A

2nd
3rd
4th

30
Q

Where is the THYROID GLAND DEVELOPED

A

in the TONGUE

31
Q

How does development of THYROID GLAND in the tongue start

A

ENDODERMAL THICKENING

proliferation of cells in tongue so thickening of a region

32
Q

ENDODERMAL THICKENING burrows through the tongue to form

A

THYROGLOSSAL DUCT

33
Q

what happens to THYROGLOSSAL DUCTS

A

brings thyroid tissue with it, travels down to resting place of thyroid

usually regresses and disappears

34
Q

what is the FORAMEN CAECUM

A

small depression on the TONGUE which marks where the THYROID GLAND developed
- after thyroglossal duct disappears

35
Q

What can you get when Thyroglossal Duct does not disappear

A

mucus going down it,
can get infected,

form THYROGLOSSAL CYST

36
Q

what do you get when THYROID GLAND does NOT descend during development and remains sitting in tongue

A

LINGUAL THYROID

37
Q

What do you get when tissue is left behind as THYROID descends during development

A

ACCESSORY TISSUE

38
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS are embedded in…

A

tissue of THYROID GLAND
(posterior)

39
Q

How many PARATHYROID GLANDS

A

4
left superior,
left inferior,
right superior,
right inferior

40
Q

What hormone is released by the PARATHYROID GLAND and what does it do?

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

  • INCREASES CALCIUM LEVELS in blood if low

antagonist to calcitonin

41
Q

How does PARATHYROID HORMONE INCREASE CALCIUM LEVELS (3)

A
  • help BREAKDOWN BONE (increase OSTEOCLASTIC activity) this releases calcium into blood
  • Increase CALCIUM UPTAKE from GUT
42
Q

How does PARATHYROID HORMONE INCREASE CALCIUM LEVELS (3)

A
  • help BREAKDOWN BONE (increase OSTEOCLASTIC activity) this releases calcium into blood
  • Increase CALCIUM UPTAKE from GUT
  • act on KIDNEYS to help REABSORB CALCIUM
43
Q

4 parts of the PANCREAS

A

HEAD
NECK
BODY
TAIL

44
Q

pancreas shares blood supply with

A

duodenum

45
Q

Is PANCREAS an exocrine or endocrine gland

A

BOTH EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE

95% EXOCRINE
5% ENDOCRINE

46
Q

5% of PANCREATIC CELLS that are ENDOCRINE are clustered together in islands and known as…

A

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

47
Q

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS in PANCREAS produce HORMONES involved in sugar/salt homeostasis (5):

A
  • GASTRIN: gastric motility & gastric acid secretion
  • GLUCAGON: blood glucose
    by causing liver to convert glycogen to glucose (increase blood glucose)
  • INSULIN: absorption of blood glucose into fat/liver/muscle cells (decrease blood glucose)
  • SOMATOSTATIN: release of GI/pancreatic hormones (acts on itself)
    & muscle contractions
    and rate of gastric emptying
  • VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE:
    slow down GI tract

smooth muscle relaxation (stomach & GB),
gastric secretions/intestinal absorption
& dilution of bile/pancreatic juice with water

48
Q

where are the SUPRARENAL GLANDS

A

sitting on top of the KIDNEYS

both different shapes:
right: pyramidal
left: semi-lunar

49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the SUPRARENAL GLANDS

A

-CAPSULE (thick)

  • CORTEX (has 3 parts)
  • MEDULLA
50
Q

3 parts of the CORTEX of the SUPRARENAL GLANDS and what HORMONES do they secrete

A
  • GLOMERULOSA zone
    produces mineral cortoicoids eg Aldosterone
  • FASCICULATA zone
    produces Glucocorticoids eg Cortisol
  • RETICULARIS zone
    produces sex hormones
51
Q

What does the MEDULLA of the SUPRARENAL GLANDS produce

A

ADRENALIN

52
Q

As well as being an Endocrine organ, the KIDNEYS are mainly part of…

A

the URINARY SYSTEM

53
Q

FUNCTIONS of the KIDNEYS (3)

A
  • Excrete WASTE products as URINE
  • manage WATER and ELECTROLYTE balance in body
  • MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE of BLOOD
54
Q

HORMONE released by the KIDNEY and what does it do

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)

  • Promotes FORMATION of RED BLOOD CELLS by bone marrow (acts on bone)
  • thus INCREASING BLOOD OXYGEN
  • higher circulating RBCs elevates blood O2
  • EPO can be used to treat anaemia or as
    performance enhancing drug
55
Q

What is the name of the hormone system that begins at the KIDNEY

A

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)

56
Q

When does the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) take place

A

when there’s a REDUCTION in RENAL BLOOD
(detected by kidneys)

57
Q

What is the result of the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)

A

INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE

58
Q

what happens in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) when there is a reduction on Renal Blood

A
  • KINDEY secretes RENIN
  • inactivated ANGIOTENSINOGEN from LIVER
  • ANGIOTENSINOGEN I is converted by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) in the LUNGS to ANGIOTENSINOGEN II
  • Angiotensinogen II acts on ADRENAL GLANDS (cortex)
  • adrenal glands secrete ALDOSTERONE

-Aldosterone acts on HEART to INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
ARTERIES for VASOCONSTRICTION
KIDNEY for SODIUM and WATER RETENTION

therefore INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE

59
Q

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
what is secreted by kidney

A

RENIN

60
Q

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
where does inactive Angiotensinogen come from

A

LIVER

61
Q

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
where is Angiotensinogen I converted to Angiotensinogen II and what by?

A

LUNGS
using ACE - ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME

62
Q

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
what does angiotensinogen II act on and what does that release?

A

ADRENAL GLANDS
- ALDOSTERONE

63
Q

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)
how does Aldosterone increase Blood pressure

A
  • acts on HEART to increase cardiac output
  • Vasoconstriction of Arteries
  • Sodium and Water retention of kidney

ENDOCRINOLOGY (11 decks)

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