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Hormones and Behavior > Lecture 10: Affective Disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Affective Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Affective (Mood) Disorders are mental disorders with ___ behaviors or moods

A

atypical

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2
Q

Affective Disorders are characterized by dramatic changes or extremes of ___

A

mood

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3
Q

According to the DSM-5, a diagnosis of major depressive episode can only occur if five or more symptoms are present during a __ week period

A

2

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4
Q

For the diagnosis of major depressive episode, one must exhibit either ___ mood or ____ as one of the symptoms

A

depressed mood; loss of interest/pleasure

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5
Q

A diagnosis of major depressive episode can be given if symptoms are not related to ___/___ and result in distress or impairment in functioning

A

substance use; medical conditions

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6
Q

Clinical depression is characterized by depression symptoms that are displayed for less than __ weeks

A

2

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7
Q

When symptoms of depression last more than 2 weeks, one can be diagnosed with _______

A

major depressive disorder

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8
Q

_____ is a disorder associated with less severe symptoms of depression that are displayed for at least 2 years

A

Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

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9
Q

Depression with at least one mania episode is termed ___ ___

A

bipolar depression

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10
Q

Clinical studies on depression often include both ___ and ___ depressed individuals

A

unipolar; bipolar

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11
Q

People with depression have been shown to have __ thyroid function

A

low

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12
Q

TRH treatment in 4/5 depressed individuals reduced depression scores lasting for __ hrs to ___ weeks

A

3 hours to several weeks

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13
Q

Thyroid hormone treatments are often given together with ____

A

antidepressants

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14
Q

Roughly 50% of depressed patients have excessive production of the steroid hormone ___

A

cortisol

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15
Q

In depressed people, dysregulated HPA Axis function is ___-dependent

A

state-dependent (normalized with elevated mood)

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16
Q

What type of cortisol levels are associated with low mood?

A

Very low or very high

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17
Q

Sex differences in affective disorders can be seen as early as ___

A

puberty

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18
Q

Women are at ____ the risk for developing affective disorders than men

A

twice

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19
Q

Estradiol levels in depressed women are ___ compared to non-depressed women

A

lower

20
Q

____ treatment can improve mood and depression scores in women

A

estrogen

21
Q

For non-depressed women, treatment within physiological range is sufficient. For depressed women, ___ treatment doses are needed (15 to 20x)

A

higher

22
Q

Women with a history of depression experience an increase in depression symptom severity when __ is withdrawn

A

estradiol

23
Q

___ is a disorder that is associated with the endocrine changes of pregnancy and parturition

A

Postpartum depression

24
Q

What is the best predictor of postpartum depression?

A

Prior postpartum depression

25
Q

What type of postpartum depression lasts less than one week and is associated with crying and feelings of sadness?

A

Maternity blues (baby blues)

26
Q

What type of postpartum depression lasts 4-8 weeks and is associated with irritability, fatigue, crying, insomnia, depressed mood, and feeling of inadequacy

A

Mild to moderate postpartum depression

27
Q

What type of postpartum depression lasts 2-12 weeks is rare and can involve attempt to harm an infant?

A

Postpartum depressive psychosis

28
Q

Postpartum depression can be due to withdrawal of ___ opioids, cortisol ____, or variations in DNA methylation of ___ gene

A

endogenous; dysregulation; OXTR

29
Q

Men experience postpartum depression too. However, it may be disguised as what?

A

-Aggression
-Antisocial behavior
-ETOH/drug abuse

30
Q

____ Disorder, also known as winter depression, can be diagnosed as bipolar II or atypical bipolar disorder

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

31
Q

Individuals with ___ exhibit symptoms of depressed affect, lethargy, loss of libido, anxiety, inability to focus attention/concentration.

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder

32
Q

When do symptoms of SAD typically occur?

A

These symptoms occur during late fall and winter

33
Q

What are three symptoms of SAD that make it different from non-seasonal depression?

A

1) Hyperphagia (excessive eating)
2) Carbohydrate cravings
3) Hypersomnia

34
Q

There is a higher prevalence in ____ disorder in regions with higher altitude

A

SAD

35
Q

What population is Seasonal Affective Disorder most prevalent in?

A

Women

36
Q

The ___ gland converts serotonin to melatonin

A

pineal

37
Q

The production of what neurotransmitter is impacted by diet?

A

Serotonin

38
Q

How does carbohydrate intake related to serotonin production

A

Greater carb intake, greater serotonin

39
Q

What hormone is involved in the circadian rhythm control?

A

Melatonin

40
Q

Melatonin production and secretion are heavily influenced by ___. It is made at greater concentrations at ___

A

light; night

41
Q

___ can synchronize daily melatonin secretion rhythm and can acutely suppress daily melatonin secretion.

A

Light

42
Q

Several hours of bright light treatment in the morning can decrease ___ symptoms

A

SAD

43
Q

Bright light treatment has ____ effects and it can realign inappropriately entrained circadian rhythms

A

anti-depressant

44
Q

True or False: Bright light treatment during the day has the same beneficial effects on mood

A

False

45
Q

What other treatments can alter biological clocks?

A

1) Sleep therapy
2) Antidepressive pharmacological treatment

46
Q

To suppress melatonin at night, ____ illumination is required in humans (at least 1500 lux)

A

high-intensity

47
Q

Studies suggest that over the span of a week, an exposure to ___lux before sleep is enough to delay circadian clock timing as well as decrease melatonin

A

30-50

Hormones and Behavior (6 decks)

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