racism and prejudice

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

It is a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group

Question 2

Social stereotype

Answer 2

Mental association between a social group or category and a particular trait or characteristic (Greenwald & Krieger, 2006)

Question 3

Sterotyping

Answer 3

stereotype is a generalization about a group of people in which identical
characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

Answer 4

> Automatic - concepts that you associate with a group are more accessible (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995)./ thus remembered more easily than exceptions to the stereotype

Question 5

The outgroup homogenity effect

Answer 5

the tendency to assume thatthere is more similarity among members of outgroups than there is among members of ingroups

Question 6

Causes of prejudice

Answer 6

Society norm of racism/ society with few minorities/ conformity to group expectations/ limited resources/ uneducated

Question 7

Realistic conflict theory

Answer 7

Realistic conflict theory holds that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in prejudice and discrimination (J. W. Jackson, 1993; Sherif, 1966; White, 1977)

Question 8

Types of racism

Answer 8

1) Modern Racism: A form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to
rationalize.
2) Implicit Racism: Racism that operates with less intention, control and awareness

Question 9

Stereotype threat

Answer 9

Threat: Negative stereotypes can cause anxiety which may elicit stereotype confirming behaviour/ behaviour will become a self-fulfilling prophecy - that
they will confirm negative stereotypes about their social group

Question 10

Stereotype threat ( 1995)

Answer 10

Steele and Aronson as “being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic,
a negative stereotype about one’s group”

Question 11

Hueristics

Answer 11

simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid and seemingly effortless manner/
Heuristics are a type of automatic thinking

Question 12

What was Proposed by psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in the early 1970?

Answer 12

The representativeness heuristic refers to making a judgment about another person based on the following rule: “The more alike a person is to a typical member of a certain group (Prototype), the more likely he or she belongs to that group.

Question 13

Availability heuristic

Answer 13

The availability heuristic refers to making judgments based on how easily we can
bring information to mind (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973)

Question 14

Status Quo Heuristic

Answer 14

Refers to the phenomenon of preferring that one’s environment and situation
remain as they already are.

Question 15

6 major emotional expressions

Answer 15

Anger/ happiness/ surprise/ fear/ disgust/ sadness

Question 16

Primacy effects

Answer 16

Information presented first has a disproportionate influence on social cognition

Question 17

Recency effect

Answer 17

Later information has a disproportionate influence on social cognition- if un motivated

Question 18

Attitudes

Answer 18

Attitudes are evaluations of people, objects, or ideas (Eagly & Chaiken, 2007)/
Attitudes are beliefs and feelings that can influence our reactions

Question 19

Componentes of attitudes

Answer 19

1) Affective component: People’s emotional reactions toward the attitude object, based more on people’s feelings and values
2) Behavioural component: How people act toward the attitude object
3) Cognitive component: thoughts and beliefs formed about object

Question 20

Cognitive based attitudes

Answer 20

An attitude based more on people’s feelings and values than on beliefs about the nature of an object

Question 21

Behaviour based attitudes

Answer 21

An attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object

Question 22

Functions of attitudes

Answer 22

Knowledge/ adaptive/ help us fit in

Question 23

Attitude formation

Answer 23

Attitudes develop through direct experiences or vicariously through interactions with others, or they are a product of cognitive processes and thought

Question 24

The mere exposure effect

Answer 24

States that mere exposure to an object on several occasions is likely to affect how we evaluate it

Question 25

Classical Conditioning

Answer 25

Repeated association may cause a formerly neutral stimulus to
elicit a reaction that was previously elicited only by another stimulus

Question 26

Evaluative conditioning

Answer 26

the degree of liking for an object will change when the object is consistently paired with other stimuli that are either positive or negative

Question 27

Sources of learning

Answer 27

Parents/ peer groups/ social norms

Question 28

Explicit attitudes

Answer 28

Explicit attitudes are ones we consciously endorse and can easily self-report

Question 29

Implicit attitudes

Answer 29

Implicit attitudes are evaluations that involve less awareness, control and intention

Question 30

Theory of planned behaviour( Ajzen & Fishbien 1980)

Answer 30

the best predictor of behaviour is their intention, which is determined by three things: their specific attitude toward the specific behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control

Question 31

Specific attitudes

Answer 31

The more specific the attitude toward the behaviour in question, the better that attitude can be expected to predict the behaviour

Question 32

Subjective norms

Answer 32

People’s beliefs about how others they care about will view the behaviour in question can be just as important as knowing the person’s attitudes

Question 33

Perceived Behavioural Control

Answer 33

People’s intentions are influenced by the ease with which they believe they can perform the behaviour

Question 34

Cognitive Dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957)

Answer 34

Proposes that we feel tension, when two of our thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent or when our behavior conflicts with our attitudes; to reduce this unpleasant arousal, we often adjust our thinking or behaviour