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Block 4: Thorax/Abdomen/Pelvis/Perineum > Urinary/Rep Org - General Info > Flashcards

Urinary/Rep Org - General Info Flashcards

1
Q

The adrenal cortex produces…

A

cortisol – metabolism
aldosterone – blood pressure

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2
Q

The adrenal medulla produces…

A

adrenaline & noradrenaline

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3
Q

The top of the right kidney is found bw ribs ___ and ___ and the top of the left kidney is found at rib ___.

A

right – 11 & 12 (sits lower bc of liver)
left – 11

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4
Q

Name the layers of coverings of the kidney from deep to superficial (4)

A

renal capsule, adipose capsule (perirenal fat), renal fascia, pararenal fat

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5
Q

Rapid weight loss is dangerous pertaining to the kidneys. Why? What condition is it associated with?

A

– hydronephrosis: excess fluid in kidney due to backup of urine

– lose weight too fast, kidneys are unsupported and drop lower, kink ureter, block drainage of urine, urine accumulates and exerts pressure on tissue

– may lead to kidney necrosis and renal failure

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6
Q

Flow of urine

A

renal cortex, renal tubule, medullary/renal pyramid, papilla of renal pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, ureteral orifice, bladder, internal urethral sphincter, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra/external urethral sphincter, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice

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7
Q

Thick muscular wall of the bladder is composed of what muscle that also forms the internal urethral sphincter?

A

detrusor muscle

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8
Q

What is the area between the openings of the ureters and the neck of the urethra?

A

trigone (a triangular region or tissue, particularly the area at the base of the urinary bladder, between the openings of the ureters and urethra)

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9
Q

NS control of internal vs external urethral sphincters?

A

internal – involuntary, ANS control
external – voluntary

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10
Q

Parts and borders of male urethra?

A

prostatic – from IUS through prostate gland to sup aspect of EUS

membranous – from EUS to bulb of penis (bulbourethral glands on each side)

spongy – start of corpus spongiosum to external urethral orifice

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11
Q

Where is the female external urethral orifice located?

A

– bw labia minora
– just ant and sup to vaginal orifice
– inferoposterior to clitoris

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12
Q

Coverings of penis? (3)

A

– superficial (Dartos) fascia
– deep (Buck’s) fascia
– tunica albuginea (covers corpora cavernosa)

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13
Q

The corpora cavernosa are on what aspect of the penis?

A

dorsal side
(*so spongiosum is ventral, reference for penis position is as if it was erect)

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14
Q

Is there fat in the scrotum?

A

No, no fat. This is important for temperature regulation.

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15
Q

What is just inferior to the scrotum (thin layer of skin covering testes?)

A

dartos fascia (superficial)

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16
Q

Innervation of scrotum?

A

2 bb anterior – genital b of genitofemoral, ant scrotal b of ilioinguinal

2 bb posterior – post scrotal b of perineal b of pudendal n, perineal b of PFC n

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17
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

– double serous membrane (parietal and visceral layers) derived from abdominal peritoneum
– continuous into the testes

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18
Q

Contents of spermatic cord? (8)

***VTCDTGT

A

vas (ductus) deferens, testicular aa, cremasteric aa, deferential aa, testicular vv/pampiniform plexus, genital b of genitofemoral n, testicular sympathetic pathway

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19
Q

Fascia of spermatic cord (3)

A

– external spermatic fascia (continuation of EO muscle)
– cremasteric fascia (contains cremaster m)
– internal spermatic fascia (continuation of TA muscle)

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20
Q

Layers of scrotum? (7)

A

skin, superficial (Dartos) fascia, ESF, cremasteric fascia, ISF, tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral layers)

21
Q

Function of epididymis? (2)

A

– maturation, storing, propulsion of sperm
– contains fructose for nutrition of sperm

22
Q

Epididymis innervation?

A

both parts of autonomic system (symp and parasymp)

23
Q

Borders of vas deferens?

A

tail of epididymis to ejaculatory duct

24
Q

Function and location of seminal vesicles?

A

– at the base of the bladder
– secrete a thick secretion that mixes with sperm
– seminal fluid contains fructose to help nourish sperm

25
Q

What and where are the ejaculatory ducts?

A

– union of vas deferens and ducts of seminal vesicles
– at base of prostate then open via slits into prostatic urethra

26
Q

What does the prostrate contribute to the ejaculate?

A

thin milky fluid that enhances sperm motility and allows fluid to clot during ejaculation

27
Q

What constitutes semen/seminal fluid?

A

combined fluids from prostate, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, sperm

28
Q

What does bulbourethral gland contribute to ejaculate?

A

alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidity in urethra to prepare for ejaculation

29
Q

Function of bartholin’s glands in females?

A

– open into vagina and secrete mucus
– mucus neutralizes acidic environment of vagina, provides moisture and lubrication as well

30
Q

The vagina connects to the uterus via the…

A

cervix

31
Q

Compare the ‘bodies’ of the clitoris to the ‘bodies’ of the penis.

A

– clitoris is made up of 2 corpora cavernosa mm
– unlike the penis, clitoris does not have a spongiosum m

32
Q

The uterus is separated from the bladder inferiorly by the ___________ and from the sigmoid colon posteriorly by the ____________.

A

vesicouterine pouch

rectouterine pouch

33
Q

Parts of uterus (4)

A

fundus, body, isthmus, cervix

34
Q

MALE sexual response?

A

– parasymp: causes arteries to dilate, penis to become engorged and erect (also compresses veins, maintaining erection)

– bulbospongiosum and ischiocavernosum help maintain erection

– parasymp: causes lubrication from bulbourethral glands

– symp: ejaculation

35
Q

FEMALE sexual response?

A

– parasymp: arteries dilate in clitoris, vagina, labia

– parasymp: lubrication from bartholin’s glands

– symp: uterine contractions in orgasm

– somatic: causes skeletal muscle contraction during orgasm

36
Q

located within subcutaneous tissue overlying the pectoralis major and minor muscles

accessory to reproduction in females

A

mammary glands

37
Q

conical or cylindrical prominence typically located in the center of the breast

A

nipple

38
Q

circular area of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

A

areola

39
Q

innervation of breasts

A

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves

40
Q

testes and ovaries develope in the ____ abdominal wall

A

posterior

41
Q

sperm producing organs; responsible for majority of testosterone produced

A

testes

42
Q

storage area for sperm; mature into viable sperm cells here

A

epididymis

43
Q

transports sperm

A

vas deferens

44
Q

propels sperm with seminal fluid into urethra

A

ejaculatory ducts

45
Q

in females the vestibule is the space enclosed by the

A

labia majora & minora

46
Q

inferior end of the birth canal

A

vagina

47
Q

houses the fetus during pregnancy

A

uterus

48
Q

the uterus is supported primarily by the ____ and ____ diaphragms

A

pelvic and urogenital diaphragms

49
Q

pathway of round ligament of uterus

A

originates in uterine horns; enters pelvis via deep inguinal ring; passes through inguinal canal; continues to labia majora

Block 4: Thorax/Abdomen/Pelvis/Perineum (22 decks)

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