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GCSE Geography (Human) > Urban Issues > Flashcards

Urban Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What is Urbanisation

A

An increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities.

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2
Q

What is a push factor

A

Things that push people away from their home

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3
Q

What is a pull factor

A

Things that pull people to a new home

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4
Q

Examples of Push Factors

A

-Natural disasters
-War and Conflict
-Mechanisation
-Drought
-Lack of Employment

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5
Q

Examples of Pull Factors

A

-Employment opportunities
-Better education and healthcare
-Increased quality of life
-Following family members
-Religious freedom
-Better working conditions

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6
Q

What is Natural Increase

A

When birth rate exceeds the death rate

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7
Q

What are the causes of Urbanisation

A

Rural-Urban Migration (Push & Pull Factors)

Natural Increase

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8
Q

Causes of Increase in Birth Rate (BR)

A

-High percentage of the population are child-bearing age which leads to a high fertility rate
-Lack of contraception or education about family planning

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9
Q

Causes of Decrease Death Rate (DR)

A

-Higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet
-Improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality rate.

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10
Q

What is a Megacity

A

An urban area with over 10 million people living there

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11
Q

What is an Integrated Transport System

A

The linking of different forms of public transport within a city and the surrounding area

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12
Q

What is a Brownfield Site

A

An area of land or premises that has been previously used, but has subsequently become vacant, derelict or contaminated

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13
Q

What is a Greenbelt Area

A

Zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try prevent cities growing too much and too fast

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14
Q

What is Urban Regeneration

A

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding

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15
Q

What is Water Conservation and how can it be carried out

A

Reducing the amount of water used:
-Collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets
-Installing water meters and toilets that flush less water.
-Educating people on using less water

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16
Q

What is Energy Conservation and how can it be carried out

A

Using fewer fossil fuels can reduce the rate of climate change:
-Promoting renewable energy sources
-Making homes more more energy efficient
-Encouraging people to use energy

17
Q

What is Creating Green Space and how can it be carried out

A

Creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there:
-Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in
-Encourages people to exercise
-Reduces risk of flooding from surface runoff

18
Q

What is Waste Recycling and how can it be carried out

A

More recycling and fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfill:
-Collection of household waste
-More local recycling facilities
-Greater awareness of the benefits of recycling

19
Q

Environmental problems of Traffic

A

Traffic increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change

20
Q

Economic problems of Traffic

A

Congestion can make people late for work and deliveries take longer. Can cause companies to lose money

21
Q

Social problems of Traffic

A

A greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of frustration. Traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians.

22
Q

Solutions to Traffic Congestion

A

-Widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily
-Build ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of city centers
-Introduce Park and Ride schemes to reduce car use
-Encourage car-sharing schemes in workplaces
-Have public transport, cycle lanes, and cycle hire schemes
-Having congestion charges which discourage drivers from entering busy city centers

23
Q

How did London try to regenerate their docks

A

-The LDDC was set up in 1981 to reverse inner city decline after the London Docks had been abandoned in the 1950s
-Problems: Decline in population lack of public transport and shopping facilities, high unemployment, lack of open space and recreation facilities, derelict land.
-Solutions: Pedestrian and cycle routes, 200,000 trees planted, Docklands Light Railway, 2700 new businesses, City Airport, new roads linking to the M11, Canary Wharf business complex, 22,000 new homes, £100 million spent on health and education.
-Criticisms: didn’t benefit the residents, houses too expensive, new jobs required a different skill set to those of the original residents, lost sense of community.

24
Q

What is Economic Development

A

This is progress in economic growth through levels of industrialisation and use of technology

25
Q

What is Social Development

A

This is an improvement in people’s standard of living. For example, clean water and electricity

26
Q

Brownfield Land

A

Land that has been previously built on.

27
Q

Dereliction

A

Where buildings are left unused or unoccupied

28
Q

Greenfield Land

A

Land that hasn’t been built on before

29
Q

Informal work

A

Self-employed or temporary work which provides a small wage and limited health regulations

30
Q

Integrated Transport

A

A system that links different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city

31
Q

International Migration

A

The movement of people between countries, for work or long term residence

32
Q

Net Migration

A

The total number of people entering minus the number of people leaving a country

33
Q

Population Density

A

The amount of people per square area of land

34
Q

Remittance

A

A family member living in a different can send money back to their country of origin to support their family substantially

35
Q

Sustainability

A

A city which has minimal environmental damage and social inequality

GCSE Geography (Human) (8 decks)

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