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chronic disease > Inflammation And Immunology Basics > Flashcards

Inflammation And Immunology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What does chronic inflammation have to do with chronic diseases

A

It happens in many chronic diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer and autoimmune diseases

Usually due to hyper immunity or too much tolerance

Helps them persist and progress into worse disease

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2
Q

Why would inflammation persist (2 ways)

A

Not clearing the insult ie cancer or infection

There is an autoimmune response

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3
Q

What is innate inflammation needed for

A

Humoral and cellular responses

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4
Q

Gives examples of SLO

A

Spleen, lymph nodes and MALT

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5
Q

What are tertiary organs

A

Accumulations in lymphoid cells due to chronic inflammation eg within joints in ra or pancreas of T1d

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6
Q

What types of apc usually migrate to slo like lymph node to present ag

A

Dc

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7
Q

What is malt for

A

Tolerance to commensals or food ag

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8
Q

How do most lymphocytes flow through to lymph nodes or out because too big for afferent vessels

A

HEVs

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9
Q

Which receptors induce innate inflammation first

A

Prr for damps and pamps

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10
Q

What 2 things do they induce

A

Ifn type 1 and nfkb tf (for inflam cytokines)

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11
Q

What are cytoplasmic rig 1 like for

A

Recognise dna or rna in cytoplasm and allow for ifn response and nfkb

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12
Q

What do the cytokines produced help initiate inflam

A

Cell recruitment and vascular permeability

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13
Q

Which other type is cytoplasmic and what do they recognise

A

Nod

Recognise peptidoglycans from bacterua

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14
Q

Which tlr can recognise released dna from dying cells

A

Tlr 7 and 9

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15
Q

What do c type lectins recognise

A

Cell surface carbohydrate eg decrin and b glucan

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16
Q

Which types of dc are in peripheral tissue eg skin

A

Langerhans and obstetrical DCs

17
Q

Which type are in blood

A

Plasmacytoid

18
Q

Where do they all go

A

Migrate to close lymph nodes for T cell activation

19
Q

What type of vesicles does bcr internalise ag in

A

Clathrin coated

20
Q

What sort of vacuole does this form similar to a phagolysosome

A

Early endosome

21
Q

What happens in these vacuoles

A

Proteolytic cleavage of the MHC II invariant chain and processed peptides

22
Q

How is the clip removed

A

Hla dm

23
Q

How is myc 1 different

A

Proteasomal degradation endogenous ag

Either from healthy cell (cd8 is tolerant)
Or infected cell eg present cancer neo ag, viral or bac ag

Travels to the rer via tap and loaded via tapasin

24
Q

How are bcr and tcr specific

A

Ig/tcr gene rearrangements during development

25
Q

What sort of things alongside MHC do T cells need for activation

A

Coreceptor cd8,4

Costimulatory products

Cytokines (from prr)

26
Q

What binds b7 on apc that T cells need to differentiate and activate

A

Cd28

27
Q

What would happen if no cd28 binding

A

T cell anergy

No th1 or th2 polarisation

28
Q

What on T cells binds cd40 on apc

A

Cd40L

29
Q

What does this do

A

Stimulate th1 differentiation with il12

Upregulates MHC and b7 on apc surface

30
Q

Give 2 coinhibitory molecule examples needed for alloimmune tolerance/ general peripheral tolerance

A

Ctla4 whcih competitively binds b7 blocking cd28

Also pd-L1 on T cells or cancer cells
Binds pd-1 and is inhibitory for activation

31
Q

Give 5 ways for immune tolerance

A

Clonal deletion in plo or periphery

Clonal ignorance - ag is sequestered eg islets

Clonal anergy - signal 1 but no 2

Deviation of th into diff responses eg th1 or 2

Regulatory cells eg breg, treg, dcreg

32
Q

Give example of anergy

A

Lacking co stimulatory molecules like cd40 or b7 (TADC)
Or Ctla4 blocking cd28 binding to b7

33
Q

Where are reg cells upregulated

A

Cancers

34
Q

How are bregs regulatory of mast cells

A

Increase igg4 whcih stops igE binding to mast cell receptors

35
Q

How are tregs inhibitory

A

Express a lot of Ctla4 stops diff of th cells

Release il10 which suppresses ag presentation and inflammatory cytokines needed for th differentiation eg il12

36
Q

What is the thing that causes chronic disease from chronic inflammation

A

Imbalance of tolerance and immunity

Eg autoimmune or transplant rejection too immunogenic

Tolerance to pathogens = comoribidies like cancer

chronic disease (16 decks)

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