Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

Reproductive System

1
Q

Fusion of the sperm and egg produces the first cell of a new individual and all body cells arise from it, this is called a

A

Zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define: gamates

A

Specialized cells for reproduction (sperm - males / ova - females)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unique kind of nuclear division that occurs only in gonads

A

Meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid?

A

Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes, [23] from each parent (2n)

Haploid: is the number of chromosomes in a gamete [23] - (n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the path of travel of sperm after production in the seminiferous tubules

A

From seminiferous tubules to epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and lastly urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inhibin is released from ____ and exerts negative feedback on ____ release from ____ pituitary

A

gonads; FSH; anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the source and effect for:

  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) / Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A

GnRH: source - hypothalamus to anterior pituitary; effect - stimulates release of LH & FSH

LH/FSH: source - anterior pituitary to gonads; effect - stimulate gamete production and sex hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the source and effect for:

  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen/Progesterone
A
  1. Testosterone: source - gonads to target cells ; effect - spermatogenesis and stimulates sex organ maturation

2/3. Estrogen/Progesterone: source - gonads to target cells ; effect - Vital in development and function of reproductive organs and other organs/tissues, sexual behavior/drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Androgen-binding protein (ABP) keeps local ____ levels high to stimulate ____

A

testosterone; spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Compare the roles of the male accessory glands

A

Seminal glands: sperm and seminal fluid combination

Prostate: secretions that activate the sperm

Bulbo-urethral glands: lube during erection & neutralizes the acidity of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristics and causes of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Characterized by benign growth of both the stroma and prostate gland. As a result, the prostatic urethra is constricted. This makes urination difficult and can lead to incomplete bladder emptying.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the functions of the chemical components of semen

A

Prostaglandins: decreases cervical mucus to allow for entry

Relaxin (and enzymes): enhance motility

ATP: energy

antibiotics: destroy bacteria

Clotting factors: temporary coagulation allow semen to stick to vaginal wall, liquifies with fibrinolysin

suppresses immune response in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline the events of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonia (stem cells) divide via mitosis
  2. Type A cells continue to divide and Type B cells become primary spermatocytes which divide via meiosis I producing 2 secondary spermatocytes.
  3. The 2 secondary spermatocytes divide via meiosis II creating 4 spermatids. Spermatids gain motility during spermiogenesis, resulting in fully developed sperm.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the role of sustentocytes and interstitial cells

A

Sustentocytes: supports spermatogenic cells and forms blood testis barrier, preventing sperm antigens from activating the immune system

Interstitial cells: produce the androgens: testosterone & estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the structure and function of the ovaries

A

Structure: pair of almond shaped organs but twice as large in size; held in place by ligaments

Function: egg production and ovulation site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the structure and function of the female reproduction duct system

A

Uterine tubes
- structure: infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
- function: site of fertilization

Uterus
- structure: retroverted organ (body, fundus, cervix, and uterine wall)
- function: site for zygote development

Vagina
- structure: adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa with rugae
- function: sexual intercourse, birthing canal

17
Q

Tiny saclike structures embedded in ovarian cortex containing an immature egg, which ejects once a month

A

follicle

18
Q

What are the characteristics and causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

A

Inflammation caused by infection of the peritoneal cavity is caused by STDs, can result in scarring of the narrow uterine tubes, infertility, and death

19
Q

Common causes of cervical cancer:

A
  • HPV causing genital warts
  • multiple pregnancies
  • frequent cervical inflammation
20
Q

What reproductive structures are homologous in males and females?

A

Male testes and female ovaries, male penis and female clitoris

21
Q

Follicle apoptosis of oocyte and surrounding cells

A

Atresia

22
Q

Fertilization between the egg and sperm occurs in the:

A

ampulla of the uterine tubes

23
Q

Describe the events of oogenesis

A
  1. Oogonia (stem cells) divide via mitosis
  2. Type A cells continue to divide and Type B cells become primary oocytes which divide via meiosis I into secondary oocytes.
  3. The secondary oocytes divide via meiosis II creating fully developed ova.
24
Q

The most common cancer in women is ____ cancer, which is caused by:

A

breast; metastasized epithelial cells

25
Q

Correlate the events of the uterine cycle to hormone levels

A
  1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
  2. As follicles mature, FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete estrogen
  3. Estrogen levels increase, triggering inhibition of LH from the negative feedback loop and FSH from the negative feedback loop inhibin to inhibit FSH.
  4. Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release (LH) due to high estrogen levels after release of the dominant follicle
  5. LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
  6. Progesterone and estrogen secreted by the corpus luteum increases, triggering negative feedback and delaying new follicle development until corpus luteum degenerates
26
Q

Describe the stages of follicle development

A

Primordial follicle: single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
Primary follicle: single layer of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
Secondary follicle: multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
Vesicular follicle: have a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum (“cave”)
Luteal phase: follicle ruptures, granulosa cells largen forming, Corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and some estrogen

27
Q

Compare the phases of male and female sexual responses

A

Sexual responses are similar but females do not ejaculate during orgasm and orgasm is not required by females for conception

28
Q

Cryptorchidism is a common risk factor for ____ cancer, which is:

A

testicular; nondescent of the testes

29
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality common in ____ that increases risk of _____ and ____ ____

A

males; sterility and intellectual disability

30
Q

Turner’s syndrome is a chromosomal condition where the ____ never develop. Side effects include short stature, ____ ____, and ____ ____

A

ovaries; heart defects and intellectual disabilities

31
Q

A helmetlike tip that adheres to the top of the nucleus of the sperm

A

acrosome

A&P II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions