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(A) Physics > P2 > Flashcards

P2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate distance

A

Speed×time

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2
Q

What are SI units

A

The agreed set of units used in science

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3
Q

What is a vector quantity

A

A quantity with both magnitude and direction

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4
Q

What is a scalar quantity

A

A quantity with magnitude and no direction

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5
Q

What is displacement

A

The distance from the place you start

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6
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity

A

Speed is a scalar quantity, and velocity is a vector quantity

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7
Q

How do multiple (acting together) vector quantities work

A

If you are given two vector quantities (e.h 2 velocity measurements) you add them together to calculate the total

These quantities will go in a positive direction or negative direction

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8
Q

What is the total velocity of a car traveling to the left at 40mph and a car traveling on the left side of a road, and car traveling on the opposite side of the road at 40mph

A

They travel in different directions so one is positive and one is negative

-40+40= 0

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9
Q

How are vector quantities shown

A

We use an arrow to display the direction, and the size of the arrow shows the magnitude

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10
Q

What is acceleration

A

The change in velocity ÷ change in time
Measured in m/s^2

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11
Q

What does acceleration show

A

It shows the increase in speed per second.

If something accelerated at 5m/s^2, every second their velocity would increase by 5m/s

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12
Q

How do you use velocities and time to calculate acceleration

A

Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity)÷ time

A = (v-u)÷t

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13
Q

What symbol represents initial velocity

A

U

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14
Q

What symbol shows final velocity

A

V

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15
Q

On a distance time graph what does the gradient show

A

The speed - as distance × time is speed

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16
Q

On a distance time graph what does a horizontal line show

A

There is no speed - the object is stationary

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17
Q

How do you calculate the gradient

A

Change in y ÷ change in x

Find two coordinates, subtract the y values and subtract the x values, the divide them

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18
Q

What is the difference between a displacement time graph and a distance time graph

A

A distance - time graph shows the TOTAL distance travelled, and the gradient is speed

A Displacement - time graph shows how far you have travelled from your original point
It can have a positive or negative gradient
The gradient is velocity

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19
Q

What is a gradient

A

The degree of steepness on a graph at any point
Also called the slope

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20
Q

What does a velocity time graph show

A

Acceleration - the gradient

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21
Q

What does a horizontal line mean of a velocity time graph

A

There is no acceleration, they are moving at a constant speed

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22
Q

How do you calculate distance on a velocity time graph

A

It is the displacement.
Displacement is the area under the graph
It is calculated by multiplying velocity and speed.
You can find it by working the area out of shapes, then adding them together

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23
Q

On a velocity time graph - how can you tell when something is stationary

A

If its on the x axis - time increases but there is no velocity

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24
Q

What are SUVAT equations

A

Equations that can use, displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration and time to find a missing value (that will be one of the measurements above)

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25
Q

What are the 3 most important SUVAT equations

A

S= ut+1/2at^2

V^2-u^2 = 2as

V= u+at

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26
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

The energy associated with a kinetic store

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27
Q

How do you calculate kinetic energy

A

Ke(J) = 1/2 × mass(KG) × (speed(m/s))^2

Ke = 1/2mv^2

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28
Q

What is Newton’s third law

A

When body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts and equal and opposite force on body A

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29
Q

What are non contact forces

A

A force produced as an object is in a field
The object does not need to be in contact (touching) for the force to act

E.g gravity

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30
Q

How are forces drawn in diagrams

A

We use a force arrow
As forces are vectors they have magnitude and direction

Ncf arrows’ are drawn from the centre of the object

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31
Q

What are contact forces

A

The force applied when two objects are in contact ( touching)

E.g pushing a chair

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32
Q

What is an interacting pair

A

To forces that act upon each other

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33
Q

Examples of contact forces :

A

Friction - occurs as the atoms that make up two rough surfaces slide over each other

Drag - a force opposite to the direct motion of a body

Upthrust - the force on an object in a fluid dye to a difference in pressure

Tension - solid objects deform slightly when you exert a force on them, and the bonds between the particles are stretched

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34
Q

What does ‘normal’ mean

A

A force at 90° to the surface of where it hits

A line at 90° to where a wave hits

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35
Q

What is a normal contact force

A

A contact force that is exerted by a solid surface on an object
Solid objects slightly deform when you exert a force on them, the bonds between particles are compressed

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36
Q

What is the interaction pair on, friction on a sliding box

A

The force of the box on the surface
The force of the surface on the box

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37
Q

What is a free body diagram

A

A diagram that shows the forces acting on an object

The object is often represented by a circle and the forces as arrows

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38
Q

What forces do free body diagrams show

A

ONLY THE FORCES ACTING ON THAT OBJECT

It doesn’t show the forces the object is giving

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39
Q

What is the resultant focre

A

The total force when two or more forces are added to gather as vectors

(The total strength of the forces acting on an object)

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40
Q

How do you calculate the resultant force, of two forces acting at 90° to each other

A

Use Pythagoras theorem

A^2+b^2 = c^2

A and be will be the forces that are acting on each other at 90°

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41
Q

What are the forces exerted in a gravitational field

A

The object on the earth
The earth on the object

42
Q

What are the forces exerted in a gravitational field

A

The object on the earth
The earth on the object

43
Q

What is Newton’s First law of motion

A

The motion (speed and direction) of an object does not change when the resultant force is not zero

(Law of inertia)

44
Q

What is inertia

A

The measure of how difficult it is to change an objects velocity

45
Q

What is equilibrium

A

An object is in equilibrium if all the forces cancel - the resultant forces is zero

46
Q

What is Newton’s second law

A

F = ma

47
Q

What happens if the resultant force is not 0

A

There is motion

48
Q

What happens to objects that move in a circle

A

A force is exerted to the center of a circle on an object
The object is constantly changing direction so velocity and acceleration change

49
Q

What is terminal velocity

A

The velocity an object reaches when the resultant force is 0

50
Q

How do you explain the motion of objects when the forces are at an angle

A

All objects on earth have weight

Ensure all forces have an angle in the opposite direction.

51
Q

How do you explain the falling momentum of objects

A

As an object falls it has one force applying to it - gravity
Then it has two forces gravity and drag

Both of these increase until they are at equilibrium

52
Q

What is momentum

A

Mass × velocity

53
Q

What is the law of conservation of momentum

A

In any interaction or collision momentum before = momentum after

54
Q

What is elastic collision

A

A collision in which kinetic energy is conserved

E.g
A moving red ball has an elastic collision with a stationary blue ball, it will stop and the energy is transferred to the blue ballsl

55
Q

What is an inelastic collision

A

A collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved

E.g when two snooker balls collide energy is transferred to a thermal store

56
Q

What is work

A

The transfer of energy
Done against gravity or friction.
Calculated by multiplying force and distance

57
Q

How do you calculate work done

A

Force × distance

58
Q

Why are joules equal to newton meters

A

1N = 1kgm/s^2 (force causing 1kg to accelerate at 1m/s^2)

1Nm = 1kgm/s^2 × m

1Nm = 1kgm^2/s^2

59
Q

What is power

A

The rate energy is transferred

60
Q

How do you calculate power

A

Power = work done ÷ time

61
Q

What does it mean if a material is plastic

A

Does not return to its original shape when a force is removed

62
Q

What does it mean if a material is elastic

A

A material that returns to its original shape after having a force applied to it

63
Q

What happens when you stretch a spring

A

It can return to its original form but has a limit

64
Q

What is an elastic limit

A

The furthest distance a spring can return to its original length after having a force applied

65
Q

What is Hookes Law

A

Below the elastic limit:

The extension is proportional to the force

66
Q

How do you calculate the force exerted on a spring

A

Constant × extension

F = k×m

67
Q

What does the spring constant tell you

A

How easy or hard it is to stretch a spring

68
Q

How do you calculate energy transferred in stretching

A

Similar to kinetic energy equation

1/2 contant ÷extension^2

1/2 kx^2

69
Q

What is the extension of a spring

A

Its increase in size from an original length

70
Q

What happens when you stretch other materials like an elastic band

A

There is a non linear relationship between force and extension

The extension increases differently each time when the force increases

As they are elastic they return to their original position

71
Q

How do some materials return to their original shape (e.g tennis rackets)

A

All objects store energy when they deform

Scientists developed materials that transfer the energy back when they regain their shape

72
Q

What is a gravitational field

A

A region where mass experiences an attractive force

73
Q

How to calculate the gravity force (weight)

A

Mass × gravitational field strength

74
Q

What is the gravity constant

A

Another term for gravitational field strength

75
Q

What increases the size of a force in a gravitational field

A

The mass of an object or the field is greater
The distance between the object and field is smaller

76
Q

What is weight

A

Weight is what we call the force of the Earth on an object

It is equal to mass × gravitational field strength

77
Q

What is the gfs on earth

A

10N/Kg

78
Q

What is acceleration due to gravity

A

It is normally taken as 10m/s^2

(9.8m/s^2)

79
Q

How do you calculate the size of a resultat force in a gravitational field

A

Mass × acceleration due to gravity

80
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

The energy transferred to the gravity store when you lift a box in a gravitational field

81
Q

How do you calculate gravitational potential energy

A

Mass × height × gravitational field strength

82
Q

What is a pivot

A

The point at which a force produces a turning effect

83
Q

What is a moment

A

The turning effect of a force

84
Q

Is it easier or harder to produce a turing force close or further away to an object

A

Futher away

85
Q

How do you calculate the moment of a force

A

Force × distance
Moment is measured in Nm

86
Q

What is the principle of moments

A

An object is balanced if the clockwise and anticlockwise moments are equal

87
Q

What is a lever

A

A rod (or other) that wont bend with a pivot

A force applied at one end produces a force in the opposite direction at the other end

It is used to produce rotational forces

88
Q

What is a force multiplier

A

A factor that increases the effectiveness of a force

89
Q

What is effort (levers)

A

The force you exert on a lever

90
Q

What is load

A

The force the lever exerts on the loasb

91
Q

How does the distance of the pivot and load effect the effort needed

A

The closer the pivot to the load the smaller the effort needed

92
Q

What is mechanical advantage

A

The ratio of effort to load

93
Q

How do you calculate mechanical advantage

A

Load ÷ effort

94
Q

How do gears transmit forces

A

The ratio of the diameter of each cog tells you the ratio of effort to load
Cogs can be used to change direction of a rotating force, or the speed it acts at

95
Q

How does the number of teeth on a cog effect its rotations per minute

A

The less teeth it has the smaller its diameter
So more rotations are made per minute

96
Q

How does pressure in a fluid cause a force

A

It produces a force 90° to any surface
Pressure acts from all sides not just abobe

97
Q

What is the equation for pressure

A

Pressure = force normal to the surface ÷ area

98
Q

What is a hydraulic machine

A

A machine that uses liquid to transmit a force

99
Q

How do simple hydraulic machines work

A

A piston (similar to a syringe) has a small force exerted on it, causing the area to decrease
This decrease of area increases the pressure of another.

This is transmitted to the other end and the pressure increase causes a larger force to be exerted

The pressure throughout the whole system is the same at any given time

The second piston has a greater surface area - allowing for a greater force

100
Q

How do you calculate momentum

A

P = mv

Momentum is in kgm/s

101
Q

How do you calculate force from momentum

A

Force = ∆p ÷ t

(A) Physics (10 decks)

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