lesson 15 emotions and affect

Question 1

affect

Answer 1

umbrella term for feelings

Question 2

affective experiences

Answer 2

are valenced (good or bad)
are somatic (involve the body)
quick and automatic

Question 3

two factor model of effect

Answer 3

arousal vs somatic circumflex model

Question 4

what is affect

Answer 4

voluntary action, complex judgement, symbolic thought more dorsal

emotion, motivation, simple judgement more ventral

Question 5

brain basis of fear

Answer 5

well poised for engaging in quick behaviors: typically information goes from thalamus to visual cortex but when startled it goes straight to amygdala (so amygdala gets raw, degraded form of stimuli and responds quickly with no processing, sometimes responds too quickly to something perceived as a threat when its not)

Question 6

amygdala

Answer 6

communicates to rest of body to flight fight or freeze

Question 7

affective experiences are designed to be

Answer 7

adaptive: certain things we want to eat or avoid due to natural selection (specific solutions to what natural selection found important)

Question 8

arousal

Answer 8

mammals have two systems for affective experience (sympathetic and parasympathetic motor system) that makes you realize there’s something that requires attention, good or bad

Question 9

sympathetic vs parasympathetic arousal

Answer 9

fight or flight
rest and digest

Question 10

example of eliot, who had ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage

Answer 10

diminished sympathetic response, or have response but it doesnt get integrated with other brain parts so they tend to make bad decisions (understand that you feel weird because there’s something wrong with the environment around you, but cant place the feeling so it doesnt guide their future behavior and they make bad life choices like getting scammed)

Question 11

ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage
moral judgement

Answer 11

making the utiliatarian judgement (like killing a crying baby so we survive while in hiding)

Question 12

appraisal

Answer 12

stop and think of what this emotion is

determine arousal state (nervous or excited)

Question 13

spidey sense

Answer 13

there’s a problem, i dont know it so i have to figure it out

Misattribute hunger as anger

Question 14

schachter and singer model of emotion experiment

Answer 14

Physical processes in the body (such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system, for example), which researchers refer to as “physiological arousal.” These changes can include things like having your heart start beating faster, sweating, or trembling.

A cognitive process, appraisal, in which people try to interpret this physiological response by looking at their surrounding environment to see what could be causing them to feel this way.

In a famous 1962 study, Schachter and Singer investigated whether people would respond differently to a shot of adrenaline depending on the context they found themselves in.

In the study, participants (all of whom were male college students) were given either a shot of epinephrine (which they were told was merely a vitamin injection) or a placebo injection. Some of the participants who received the epinephrine shot were informed of its effects (e.g. shaking, pounding heart, feeling flushed), others were told they would have no side effects, and others were told incorrect information about its effects (e.g. that it would make them feel itchy or cause a headache). For participants who knew what to expect from the epinephrine, they had a straightforward explanation for any effects they felt from the drug. However, Schachter and Singer believed that participants who were uninformed of epinephrine’s effects (or who were told incorrect information) would look for something in their environment to explain why they were suddenly feeling different.

After receiving the injection, participants were put into one of two environments. In one version of the study (designed to induce feelings of euphoria), the participants interacted with a confederate (someone who appears to be a real participant, but is actually part of the research staff) who acted in a happy, joyful way. The confederate flew a paper airplane, crumpled up balls of paper to play a mock “basketball” game, made a slingshot out of rubber bands, and played with a hula hoop. In the other version of the study (designed to induce feelings of anger), the participant and confederate were asked to fill out questionnaires, which contained increasingly personal questions. The confederate became more and more irritated by the invasiveness of the questions, and eventually tore up the questionnaire and stormed out.

Schachter and Singer’s Results
The Schachter-Singer theory would predict that participants would feel happier (or angrier) if they did not know to expect the effects of the drug. Since they had no other explanation for the symptoms they felt, they would assume that it was the social environment making them feel this way.

Question 15

misattribution of arousal experiment

Answer 15

washington state experiment with one strong bridge and one weak

people who crossed rickety bridge more likely to call attractive woman (feeling arousal due to scary experience crossing bridge)

attributing arousal to experimenter, not bridge

Question 16

false feedback arousal experiment

Answer 16

give people headphones and play their heartbeat back to them

sub in fake heartbeat, then tell subject to look at people and see if theyre attractive (convince them they had a moment of sympathetic arousal)

Question 17

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 17

change your appraisal from therapy to excitement

Question 18

emotional expression

Answer 18

an observable sign of an emotional
state, and, although robots can be taught to exhibit them, human beings do so naturally

we can read other people’s emotional expression

other primates have fewer facial muscles so they dont have expression

Question 19

six basic emotions

Answer 19

disgust
fear
happiness
sadness
anger
surprise

Question 20

why express emotion

Answer 20

adaptive physiological changes:
darwin said emotions help your body determine best response to environment (you smell feces so your mouth and nose close so feces cant get into body)

communication: we tear up due to emotional experience, so we’re communicating mental states to other people

Question 21

duchenne vs posed smiles

Answer 21

hard to fake emotions, honest
different muscles involved from fake smile to real smile

Question 22

brain basis of emotion

Answer 22

amygdala- fear
insula in temporal lobe- disgust

Question 23

implication of the Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 23

One implication of the Schachter-Singer theory is that physiological activation from one source can essentially transfer to the next thing we encounter, and this can affect our judgment of the new thing. For example, imagine that you’re running late to see a comedy show, so you end up jogging to get there. The Schachter-Singer theory would say that your sympathetic nervous system is already activated by running, so you would feel subsequent emotions (in this case, amusement) more strongly. In other words, the theory would predict that you’d find the comedy show funnier than if you had walked there.

Question 24

two dimensions of emotion

Answer 24

valence and arousal, can be high or low

Question 24

action tendencies

Answer 24

Emotions follow from appraisals and they produce action tendencies, which are a readiness to engage in a
specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors

For example, have you ever
noticed that when you are frightened by a sudden loud noise, you instantly stop moving? Why? Because the
emotional state called fear produces an action tendency called “freezing” Similarly, if you’ve
ever gotten into a heated argument with someone, you may have noticed yourself inching toward that person
rather than away, because the emotional state called anger produces an action tendency called “approach”

Each of these action tendencies makes a good deal of evolutionary sense: When a bear
growls at you, you should stand still; when an enemy threatens, you should move forward to stop him; and when
you see something totally gross, you should move away before you catch something. Action tendencies remind
us that emotions are adaptive states that nature designed to ensure our survival

Question 25

James–Lange theory of emotion

Answer 25

feelings are simply
the perception of one’s own physiological responses to a stimulus

Question 26

why is the James–Lange theory of emotion wrong

Answer 26

First, some of our emotional experiences happen before our bodily responses do. People feel embarrassed at
precisely the moment their pants fall off in public, but the bodily response called “blushing” takes a full 15
to 30 seconds to occur. How could embarrassment simply be “the perception of blushing” if the feeling
happens first?

Second, all sorts of things can cause bodily responses without also causing emotions. When your bedroom
gets hot, your heart naturally starts to beat a bit faster, yet you don’t feel afraid of your pillow, do you? If
fear were merely “the perception of a rapid heartbeat,” then why wouldn’t you be scared every time your
roommate cranked the thermostat?

Third, for the James–Lange theory to work, every human emotion would have to be associated with a
unique set of bodily responses—that is, every emotion would have to have a unique “physiological
fingerprint,” so to speak
Different emotional experiences are sometimes associated with the same set of bodily responses, and
different bodily responses are sometimes associated with the same emotional experience.

Question 27

amygdala damage

Answer 27

Although people
with amygdala damage do not feel fear when they see a threat, they do feel fear when they experience a threat—
for example, when they suddenly find they can’t breathe

Question 28

fast pathway

Answer 28

goes from the eye to the thalamus and then directly
to the amygdala

your amygdala uses the information
quickly to answer a simple question: “Is this stimulus relevant to my survival?” If your amygdala’s answer to that
question is yes, it helps produce the bodily responses that, when your cortex is finally done with its investigation,
you will come to call fear.

Question 29

slow pathway

Answer 29

goes from the eye to the thalamus
and then to the cortex and then to the amygdala

when you see a bear in
your kitchen, information about the bear arrives at your amygdala and at your cortex at about the same time.
While your cortex conducts a relatively slow, full-scale investigation of the information (“This seems to be an
animal, probably a mammal, maybe a member of the genus Ursus …”),

Question 30

how do we stop fear

Answer 30

Once the cortex has finished its full-scale
investigation of the information it has received, this connection allows the cortex to downregulate the amygdala,
which is just a fancy way of saying that the cortex tells the amygdala to reduce its activity. In a sense, the
amygdala’s job is to hit the emotional gas pedal, and the cortex’s job is to hit the brakes

Question 31

darwin universality hypothesis,

Answer 31

all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all
people in all places at all times

Question 32

how may darwin universality hypothesis be wrong?

Answer 32

Research also suggests that some emotional expressions—such as shame, happiness, and
sadness—have distinct cultural “accents”

Westerners and East Asians agree about how the face expresses the experience of
intense physical pain, but they disagree about how it expresses the experience of intense physical pleasure. For
instance, East Asians expect the physical pleasure of orgasm to produce an expression that is a lot like the expression of
happiness, but Westerners expect it to produce an expression that is a lot like the expression of surprise.

Question 33

facial feedback
hypothesis

Answer 33

suggests that emotional expressions can
cause the emotional experiences they typically signify. For instance, studies show that under the right
circumstances, people feel happier when they are asked to hold a pencil in their teeth (which causes contraction
of the zygomaticus major) than when they are asked to hold a pencil in their lips

Question 34

display rule

Answer 34

which is a
norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
Obeying display rules
requires using several techniques, which most of us have mastered:

Intensification involves exaggerating the expression of emotion, as people do when pretending to be
delighted by an unwanted gift
.
Deintensification involves muting the expression of one’s emotion, as athletes do when they lose their
events but try not to look too disappointed

Masking involves expressing one emotion while feeling another, as a judge does when she tries to seem
interested in, rather than contemptuous of, a lawyer’s argument.

Neutralizing involves showing no expression of the emotion one is feeling, as when a card player tries to
keep a “poker face” despite having been dealt a winning hand.

Question 35

the internal causes of purposeful
behavior

Answer 35

motivation

Question 35

drive-reduction theory

Answer 35

the primary motivation of all organisms is to reduce their drives. According to this theory, animals are not
actually motivated to eat and don’t actually find food rewarding. Rather, they are motivated to reduce their
drive for food, and it is the reduction of this drive that they find rewarding. A reinforcement is simply any
“substance or commodity in the environment which satisfies a need, i.e., which reduces a drive

Question 36

reappraisal

Answer 36

changing one’s emotional
experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

Question 37

eating disorders

Answer 37

anorexia
bulimia
binge eating

Question 38

hunger hormes

Answer 38

leptin- turn hunger off
Ghrelin- turn hunger on

Question 39

Evolutionary mismatch

Answer 39

traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment

First, we developed a strong attraction to foods that provide large amounts of energy per bite, which is
why most of us prefer cheeseburgers and milkshakes to spinach and tea

Second, we developed an ability to store excess food energy in the form of fat, which enabled us to eat
more than we needed when food was plentiful and then live off our reserves when food was scarce. These two
adaptations allowed our species to survive in a world in which calorie-rich food was available only rarely, and the
problem is that we don’t live in that world anymore

Question 40

intrinsic motivation

Answer 40

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Question 41

extrinsic motivation

Answer 41

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward.

Question 42

motivations of which
people are aware

Answer 42

conscious motivations

Question 43

motivations of which
people are not aware

Answer 43

unconscious motivations

Question 44

loss aversion

Answer 44

aversion is the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains

Because people expect the pain of a loss to outweigh the pleasure of a gain, they typically take more risks to
avoid the former than to achieve the latter

Question 45

approach motivation

Answer 45

which is the motivation to
experience positive outcomes

Question 46

avoidance motivation

Answer 46

the motivation to avoid experiencing negative
outcomes

Question 47

1. Feelings can be described by their location on the two dimensions of

Answer 47

b. arousal and valence.

Question 48

Which theory suggests that emotions are people’s interpretations of their own general physiological
arousal?

Answer 48

c. the two-factor theory

Question 49

Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal of whether a stimulus is good
or bad

Answer 49

c. the amygdala

Question 50

4. is an emotion-regulation strategy that involves thinking about events in new ways.

Answer 50

Reappraisal

Question 51

5. is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.

Answer 51

d. The facial feedback hypothesis

Question 52

Pretending to experience one emotion when you are really experiencing a completely different one is
an example of .

Answer 52

masking

Question 53

7. The hedonic principle states that

Answer 53

b. people are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.

Question 54

8. An unlearned motivation has been called

Answer 54

a. an instinct.

Question 55

9. According to Maslow, our most basic needs are

Answer 55

b. shared with other animals.

Question 56

9. According to Maslow, our most basic needs are

Answer 56

b. shared with other animals.

Question 57

There are five levels in Maslow’s pyramid…

Answer 57

There are five levels in Maslow’s pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.Apr 4, 2022

Question 58

Which statement is true?
a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons.
b. Boys and girls experience initial sexual interest at very different ages.
c. The sequence of physiological arousal for men and women differs dramatically.
d. The human male sex drive is regulated by testosterone, whereas the human female sex drive is
regulated by estrogen.

Answer 58

a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons.