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Musculoskeletal Anatomy I > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is endomysium

A

connective tissue that wraps individual muscle fibers

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2
Q

What is perimysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around multiple muscle fibers

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3
Q

What is a fasciculus or what are fasciculi

A

A bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

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4
Q

What is epimysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around multiple fasciculus

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5
Q

What are the fascial wrapping continuous with

A

tendons, periosteum, and other connective tissue structures

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6
Q

What is superficial fascia

A

subdermal loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, fat, and nerves (reticular)

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7
Q

What is deep fascia

A

Thick connective tissue that forms various protective structures

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8
Q

What is an investing layer

A

fascia that surrounds muscle groups

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9
Q

What is intermuscular septa

A

Fascia that separates functional muscle groups

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10
Q

What is a bursa

A

A flattened sac located in a region where friction needs to be reduced between muscle/tendon and bone

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11
Q

What are synovial sheaths

A

bursae surrounding tendons

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12
Q

What are bursae made of

A

connective tissue and bursal fluid on the inside

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13
Q

What is bursitis

A

The swelling/inflammation of a bursa

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14
Q

what is a motor unit

A

muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron

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15
Q

What detects the stretch of a particular muscle to prevent over stretching/tearing

A

specialized sensory nerves such as Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindle fibers

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16
Q

If an axon innervates very few muscle fibers, will it have power or finesse in its contraction

A

finesse (think ocular muscles)

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17
Q

If an axon innervates many muscle fibers, will it have power or finesse in its contraction

A

Power (think latissima dorsi)

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18
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi

A

Spine of T6-L5, intertubercular groove

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19
Q

What muscle(s) does the Thoracodorsal nerve innervate

A

Latissimus Dorsi

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20
Q

What is the action of the Latissimus Dorsi

A

Extend, adduct, and medially rotate the humerus (handcuffs!)

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21
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the levator Scapulae

A

Origin: Transverse processes of C1-4
Insertion: Medial border of the scapula superior to the spine

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22
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboid minor

A

Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T1
insertion: medial border of scapula, at the level of the spine

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23
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboid major

A

Origin: Spinous processes of T2-5
insertion: Medial border of scapula, below level of the spine

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24
Q

What does the Dorsal scapular nerve innervate

A

Levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, and rhomboid major

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25
Q

What is the action of the rhomboids and levitator scapulae

A

Elevate, retract, and medially rotate the scapula

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26
Q

Where is the Dorsal scapular nerve located

A

It decends from C5 and passes deep to the rhomboids and levitator scapulae

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27
Q

What are the 7 muscles on the scapula that move the humerus

A

Deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres major, teres minor, triceps

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28
Q

What are the origins of the deltoid

A

Posterior deltoid: spine of the scapula, intermediate deltoid: acromion, anterior deltoid: lateral 1/3 of the clavicle

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29
Q

What is the insertion of the deltoid

A

deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

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30
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate

A

deltoid and teres minor

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31
Q

Where is the axillary nerve located

A

It branches from the brachial plexus and passes through the quadrangular space.

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32
Q

What are the 4 borders of the quadrangular space

A

teres major and minor, humerus, and the long head of the triceps

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33
Q

What does SITS stand for

A

The rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

34
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the supraspinatus

A

Origin: supraspinous fossa
Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus

35
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the infraspinatus

A

Origin: infraspinous fossa
insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus

36
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Teres minor

A

Origin: lateral border of the scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus

37
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the subscapularis

A

Origin: subscapular fossa
Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus

38
Q

What does the suprascapular nerve innervate

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus

39
Q

Where is the suprascapular nerve located

A

It decends from C5, passes through the suprascapular notch under the transverse ligament, and passes into the infra/supraspinatus muscles

40
Q

What does the upper subscapularis nerve innervate

A

The subscapularis

41
Q

What does the lower subscapularis nerve innervate

A

The subscapularis and teres major

42
Q

What is the most common pathology of the rotator cuff muscles

A

The suprasinatus gets inflamed, and the swelling makes it rub against the acromion and surrounding ligaments, leading to a tear

43
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the teres major

A

Origin: Lateral border of the scapula
Insertion: intertubercular groove

44
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major

A

Origin: medial 1/2 of the clavicle and upper 6 costal cartilages
Insertion: Bicipital groove on the humerus

45
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor

A

Origin: Ribs 3,4,5
Insertion: Coracoid process

46
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor

A

protract,depress, and medial rotation of the scapular

47
Q

What innervates the pectoralis minor

A

The medial pectoral n

48
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the subclavius

A

Origin: first costal cartilage
Insertion: infer. groove of clavicle

49
Q

What is the action of the subclavius

A

to depress and stabilize the clavicle

50
Q

What is the innervation of the subclavius

A

n to subclavius (Haha, laaame)

51
Q

What innervates the pectoralis Major

A

lateral and medial pectoral nn

52
Q

where is the medial pectoral nerve located

A

It branches from the brachial plexus and passes through the minor into the major pec

53
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the serratus anterior

A

Origin: upper 8 ribs
Insertion: medial border of the scapula

54
Q

What does the long thoracic n innervate

A

The serratus anterior

55
Q

What is the action of the serratus

A

protract and laterally rotate the scapula

56
Q

Where is the long thoracic n located

A

it decends from C5,6,7 and passes under the clavicle to the serratus anterior

57
Q

What is scapular winging

A

Weakness in either the rhomboids or serratus anterior that causes lateral or medial rotation, respectively.

58
Q

What is the origin of the trapezius

A

Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spines of C7-T12

59
Q

What is the insertion of the trapezius

A

Spine of the scapula (top), acromion, and lateral 1/3 of the clavicle (top)

60
Q

What does the accessory n (CN XI) innervate?

A

The sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius

61
Q

What is the action of the trapezius on the scapula

A

elevation, depression, retraction, lateral rotation

62
Q

Where is the accessory n located

A

It decends from the base of the skull, out of the posterior triangle of the neck, and passes down the side of the neck deep to the trapezius

63
Q

What are the 3 joint types

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

64
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints

A

Syndesmoses, Sutures, and Gomphosis

65
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Symphysis and synchondrosis

66
Q

What are the 5 key characteristics of a synovial joint

A
  1. articulating ends are covered in hyaline cartilage. 2. synovial space between the bones and within the joint capsule
  2. articular capsule consisting of CT that is continuous with the periosteum of the bones
  3. Synovial membrane on inner lining of joint capsule that creates a lubricating synovial fluid
  4. occasionally there is a fibrocartilage articulating disc or meniscus between the bones
67
Q

What type of joint is formed if the interzonal mesenchyme dies off

A

As it dies, it signals the formation of hyaline cartilage, and forms a synovial joint

68
Q

What type of joint it formed if mesenchyme turns into chondrocytes?

A

Chondrocytes are cartilage forming cells, so it become a cartilaginous joint

69
Q

What type of joint is formed if mesenchyme turns into fibroblasts

A

Fibroblasts make connective tissue, so a fibrous joint will form.

70
Q

Which muscles retract the scapula

A

Traps, rhomboids, and lev. scap

71
Q

Which muscles protract the scapula

A

Pec. minor and serratus anterior

72
Q

Which muscles elevate the scapula

A

Trap, rhomboids, and lev. scap

73
Q

Which muscles depress the scapula

A

Trap and pec. minor

74
Q

Which muscles laterally rotate the scapula

A

Trap and serratus anterior

75
Q

Which muscles medially rotate the scapula

A

Rhomboids, lev scap, and pec. minor

76
Q

Which muscles flex the humerus

A

Pec. major, deltoid, biceps br. and corocobrachius

77
Q

Which muscles extend the humerus

A

Latissimus, teres major, deltoid, and triceps brac.

78
Q

Which muscles abduct the humerus

A

Deltoid and supraspinatus

79
Q

Which muscles adduct the the humerus

A

Pec major, latissimus, teres major, and corocobrac.

80
Q

Which muscles medially rotate the humerus

A

Pec major, latissimus, teres major, deltoid, and subscapular

81
Q

Which muscles laterally rotate the humerus

A

Deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor

Musculoskeletal Anatomy I (8 decks)

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