Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology > Outcome 7 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Outcome 7 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Which system also works together with the endocrine system?

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between what the kind of mediator molecules the nervous system releases and which the endocrine system releases?

A

NS - neurotransmitters
ES - hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the target cells for NTs? Hormones?

A

NTs - muscle cells, gland cells and other neurons
ES - cells throughout body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ responses are slower but usually have longer effects.

A

Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a key difference between NS and ES in terms of what/where their mediators are regulating?

A

NS - specific muscles/glands
ES - aids in regulation of all types of body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neurotransmitters released ______ as a response to _______ ________.
whereas, hormones are delivered to ____ throughout the body by _____.

A

NT - locally as a response to nerve impulses
hormones - tissues throughout body by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the site of mediator action in the NS? ES?

A

NS - close to the site where it was released (synapses)
ES - usually farther from site of release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete their products?

A

into the interstitial space that surround the secretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are endocrine glands vascular or non-vascular?

A

they’re highly vascular!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are endocrine glands the only ones that secrete hormones?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the four characteristics of receptors?

A

1) made of protein and when hormones bind to it, they result regulation
2) they’re constantly broken down and resynthesized
3) down regulation – excess hormones = # of receptors to decrease
4) up regulation – deficient of hormones = # of receptors to increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is up regulation?

A

when there is deficient hormone present and the number of receptors increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is down regulation?

A

when there is excess hormone present which leads to the number of receptors to decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of hormones are there?

A
  • circulating
  • local
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of local hormones?

A

1) paracrine
2) autocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are paracrine hormones?

A

they effect neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are autocrine hormones?

A

they effect cells that secrete them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are circulating hormones?

A
  • they are secreted into the interstitial space
  • they diffuse into blood to allow for circulation through the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two classes of hormones?

A

1) Lipid-soluble
2) water-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three subdivision of the two classes of hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble:
1) steroid
2) thyroid
3) gas

water-soluble:
1) amines
2) peptides
3) proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A
  • aldosterone, cortisol, androgens, calcitriol, testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some examples of thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some example of gas hormones?

A

Nitric oxide, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some examples of amine hormones?

A

E/NE, melatonin, histamine, and serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are examples of peptides and proteins?

A

all hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do water-soluble hormones travel? Lipid-soluble?

A

water - hydrophilic therefore, circulate freely in watery blood plasma
lipophilic - bound to transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do transport proteins do?

A
  • they make hormones temporarily water-soluble
  • they slow the rate of loss in the urine
  • provide a ready reserve of hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is free fraction?

A

0.1-10% of lipid-soluble hormones that aren’t bound to a transport protein and will diffuse out of the blood stream and bind to receptors to trigger responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do you begin the mechanism of action?

A

lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors INSIDE the target cells
water-soluble hormones bind to part of target cell plasma membranes (OUTSIDE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the three steps for the lipid-soluble MOA?

A

1) lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell
2) activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
3) newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 5 steps for the water-soluble MOA?

A

1) binding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activates G protein – activates adenylate cyclase
2) adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
3) cAMP (2nd messenger) activates the protein kinase
4) protein kinase phosphorylate cellular proteins
5) phosphorylated proteins cause rxns that produce physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 3 things that hormone interactions depend on?

A

1) hormones in blood
2) # of hormone receptors on the target cell
3) influence of other hormones on the target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do permissive effect hormones do?

A
  1. increase the number of receptors on the cells
  2. create an enzyme to catalyze the reaction of the 1st hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is synergistic effect?

A

when the effects of two hormones acting together is greater than the sum of the effects of each individual hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an example of two hormones who show synergistic effect?

A

epinephrine and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is an example of hormones that show permissive effects?

A

epinephrine and T3+T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is antagonistic effect?

A

when one hormone opposes the action of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is an example of antagonistic hormones?

A

insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 3 ways in which hormone secretion is regulated?

A
  1. signals from the nervous sytem
  2. chemical changes in blood
  3. other hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

______ controls the secretions of the _____________.

A

hypothalamus controls … pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is another word for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does the hypothalamus and pituitary do?

A

regulate growth and development, metabolism and homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where do you find the pituitary gland?

A

in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does the pituitary attach to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary?

A

1) adenohypophysis (anterior)
2) neurohypophysis (posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 4 regions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. mammillary region
  2. tuberal region
  3. supraoptic region
  4. preoptic region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the difference in the hormones the posterior and anterior pit. releases?

A

anterior - a variety of hormones to control wide variety of functions
posterior - stores and releases 2 hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?

A

since the neurohypophysis is made up of nervous tissue, it contains axons and axon terminals. these neurons run from the post. pit. and have their cell bodies in the nuclei of the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the difference in the composition of the anterior and posterior pit gland?

A

anterior - epithelial tissue
posterior - nervous tissue

51
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

blood flow from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- blood contains hormones from hypothalamus

52
Q

What is the blood flow in the hypophyseal portal system?

A

superior hypophyseal arteries –> primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system –> hypophyseal portal veins –> secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system –> hypophyseal veins

53
Q

What are neurosecretory cells?

A

specialized neurons that synthesize hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

54
Q

What are the anterior pit. hormones that act on other endocrine glands?

A

tropic hormones/tropins

55
Q

What are the 2 ways to control secretion of anterior pit hormones?

A
  1. neurosecretory cells
  2. negative feedback loops
56
Q

What kind of hormones do neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete?

A

5 releasing and 2 inhibiting

57
Q

What is the flow of the posterior pituitary blood supply?

A

internal carotid –> inferior hypophyseal arteries –> capillary plexus of the infundibular process –> posterior hypophyseal veins

58
Q

Where is the secreted hormones from the hypothalamohypophyseal tract received?

A

capillary plexus of the infundibular process

59
Q

What is the role of the posterior hypophyseal veins?

A

to receive blood from the plexus and to distribute it to target cells in other tissues

60
Q

What are the functions of hGH?

A
  • stimulate production of IGFs from various body cells (muscles, liver, bone) – cell growth and abundance + increase protein synthesis
  • metabolic effects like increase lipolysis (use of fat > glucose for energy)
  • breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver
  • decreases glucose uptake into cells (glucose sparing effect)
61
Q

What is the negative feedback loop of TSH?

A

low blood levels of T3 + T4/low metabolic rate –> release of TRH (hypothalamus) –> release of TSH (anterior pit.) –> TSH stimulate thyroid follicular cells –> T3 + T4 released into blood –> elevated T3 inhibits release of TRH/TSH

62
Q

What is the feedback of the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

high blood osmotic pressure –> osmoreceptors (hypothalamus) –> activates neurosecretory cells that synthesize and release ADH –> nerve impulses free ADH from axon terminals in post. pit. to bloodstream –> kidneys will retain water, decrease sweating and arterioles constrict to increase BP

63
Q

Which gland is the one that is shaped like a butterfly?

A

thyroid

64
Q

the thyroid is _____ to the larynx and _____ to the trachea

A

inferior the larynx, anterior to trachea

65
Q

how are the right and left lateral lobes of the thyroid gland connected? where are these lobes located?

A

isthmus
on either side of the trachea

66
Q

All thyroids have a 3rd lobe. T/F

A

False. only 50% of them do.

67
Q

What is the 3rd lobe only found in some thyroids called?

A

pyramidal lobe

68
Q

Since the thyroid is very vascular, approximately how much blood does it receive?

A

80-120 ml/min

69
Q

What are the 4 arteries that supply the thyroid with blood?

A

2 SUPERIOR thyroid arteries branching from the EXTERNAL CAROTID
2 INFERIOR thyroid arteries branching from the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

70
Q

What are the 6 veins that blood leaves the thyroid by?

A

2 SUPERIOR and 2 MIDDLE thyroid veins – INTERNAL JUGULAR
2 INFERIOR thyroid veins – brachiocephalic vein

71
Q

What are follicles?

A

Sacs that make up most of the thyroid

72
Q

What are the walls of the sacs made of?

A

follicular cells and basement membrane
& parafollicular cells

73
Q

what is the lumen in the sacs?

A

the “void”

74
Q

the cells found in the sacs change shape based on the presence and absence of TSH. T/F

A

true.
squamous when inactive, columnar when active

75
Q

What are the two hormones that the follicular cells produce?

A

T3 - triiodothyronine
T4 - tetraodothyronine (thyroxine)

76
Q

What are the parafollicular cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

77
Q

the thyroid gland stores _________ worth of hormone.

A

approx. 100 days

78
Q

What is the key chemical element for thyroid hormone formation and where do we get it?

A

iodide/iodine
(google says… seaweed, fish, some dairy products)…

79
Q

what is the most common mechanism of transportation for thyroid hormones?

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

80
Q

what are other mechanisms of transportation for thyroid hormones?

A

T3 0.3%
T4 0.03%

81
Q

Hypothyroidism = ?
Hyperthyroidism = ?
Euthyroid = ?

A

hypo - below normal function
hyper - above normal function
euthyroid - normal thyroid gland function

82
Q

What is goiter?

A

the enlargement of the thyroid gland

83
Q

Cause of goiter is only hyperthyroidism. T/F

A

false.
it could be hyper, hypo or euthyroid

84
Q

What are two things that are associated with hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Grave’s disease
  2. toxic nodule
85
Q

What is grave’s disease?

A

it is an autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies that mimic tsh. which results in the thyroid making more hormone and follicular cells to grow

86
Q

what are some symptoms of grave’s disease?

A
  • enlarged thyroid
  • edema behind eyes
  • increase heart rate, body temp, bp
  • hyperactivity
  • thin
87
Q

what is a singular nodule called? what about multiple nodules?

A

singular = toxic adenoma
multiple = multi nodular toxic goiter or Plummer’s disease

88
Q

What are some examples of hypothyroidism?

A
  1. myxedema
  2. congenital hypothyroidism
89
Q

What is myxedema?

A

adult onset of hypothyroidism
- swelling due to excessive interstitial fluid
- low hr, body temp
- dry hair, skin
- weakness and lethargy/less alert
- easily gain weight

90
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism?

A

when you’re born with the a low fxning thyroid
- results in severe intellectual disabilities and stunted bone growth

91
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

it inhibits osteoclasts therefore decreases blood Ca2+ level

92
Q

where are the parathyroid glands found?

A

embedded on the posterior surface of each thyroid lobe; one superior and one inferior

93
Q

it is made up of two kinds of epithelial tissues. what are they?

A
  1. chief cells (more numerous)
  2. oxyphil cells
94
Q

what is the function of the chief cells? oxyphil cells?

A

chief - produce PTH
oxyphil - unknown func

95
Q

PTH secretion is directly controlled by the ________ by ______ feedback loop.

A

blood calcium level, negative feedback loop

96
Q

How does PTH regulate Ca2+?

A
  • increases number and activity of osteoclasts (increase resorption)
  • decreases Ca2+ in urine (increase kidney resorption)
  • promotes kidneys to produce more calcitriol to increase mineral absorption in GI
97
Q

where do you find the adrenal glands?

A
  • superior to the kidneys
  • in the retroperitoneal space
98
Q

what is the outer region of the adrenal gland called? inner region?

A

outer = adrenal CORTEX
inner = adrenal MEDULLA

99
Q

What are the three zones that make up the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasciculata
  3. zona reticularis
100
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete? what does that hormone do?

A

it secretes aldosterone
it regulates minerals (Na+ and K+); mineral homeostasis

101
Q

what does the zona fasciculata secrete? what does that hormone do?

A

secretes glucocorticoids – cortisol
it regulates glucose homeostasis

102
Q

what does the zona reticularis secrete? what does that hormone do?

A

secretes androgens
– masculinizing effect

103
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

it controls Na+ and K+ minerals, which helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume
- excretion of H+ in urine to maintain internal pH (~7.35)

104
Q

what is the pathway that control aldosterone secretion?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

105
Q

what is the primary glucocorticoid in the body?

A

cortisol

106
Q

what does cortisol do?

A
  • increase protein breakdown to free AA for protein synthesis/atp production
  • liver cells convert aa or lactic acid to glucose –> atp production (gluconeogenesis)
  • stimulate lipolysis
  • stress resistance (raising BP and increasing levels of ATP)
  • anti-inflammatory effect (inhibits WBC in inflammation response)
  • depress immune response
107
Q

what is unique about the adrenal medulla?

A

it is composed of modified sympathetic ganglions of the ANS
*key is that these cells lack axons, form clusters around large blood vessels and doesn’t secrete neurotransmitters but hormones

108
Q

what do chromatin cells produce? and where?

A

catecholamines within the adrenal medulla

109
Q

what hormones does the chromatin cells in the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

110
Q

what are epinephrine and norepinephrine also known as?

A

E = adrenaline
NE = noradenaline

111
Q

what do the catecholamines do?

A
  • increase HR and force contraction
  • increase cardiac output–BP
  • increase blood flow to the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose
  • dilate airways
  • increase serum [FA] and serum [glucose]
112
Q

the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. T/F (what is the difference?)

A

true.
endocrine - release into bloodstream
exocrine - into ducts

113
Q

the pancreas is a flatten organ with just a head and tail. t/f

A

false.
flattened organ with a head (in the curve of the intestine), body and tail

114
Q

where do you find the pancreas?

A

in the curve of the duodenum

115
Q

what is the pancreas responsible for?

A

the regulation of glucagon and insulin

116
Q

what are the clusters of exocrine cells called?

A

acini

117
Q

what are the clusters of endocrine tissues called? and where are they found?

A

pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
found scattered among acini

118
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon

119
Q

what do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

120
Q

what do delta cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

121
Q

what do f cells secrete?

A

pancreatic polypeptides

122
Q

Eustress vs. distress?

A

eustress - normal stimulation
distress - harmful stimulation

123
Q

what are the three-phase stress response?

A
  1. initial fight or flight
  2. resistance reaction
  3. exhaustion

ANPH 215 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions