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studystudystudy > health psychology test 3 > Flashcards

health psychology test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cigarette smoking in the United States reached it’s peaked when?

A

during the middle of the 1960’s

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2
Q

Consuming alcohol in the United States reached it’s peaked when?

A

Peaked before the temperance movement around the early 1800s and decreased after the temperance movement steadily in 1840s

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3
Q

the results of studies on experimental starvation and experimental overeating

A

are consistent with the concept of a set-point

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4
Q

set-point

A

The set point theory states that a person’s body will adapt to their caloric intake and outtake in order to maintain the body’s desired natural weight and shape

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5
Q

Which type of intervention is beneficial for increasing knowledge of the benefits of physical exercise but has not shown the same efficacy for getting individuals to adapt physical activities

A

informational interventions

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6
Q

The helpful intervention to help people become more active?

A

social intervention

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7
Q

The most common intervention would be?

A

Behavioral and sometimes social

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8
Q

the reinforcement of smoking assumes that, for someone who becomes a smoker

A

The positive (reinforcement) consequences outweigh negative consequences

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9
Q

Which of the following of a “direct” hazard” of alcohol consumption ?

A

Progressive liver damage from long-term heavy drinking

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10
Q

An example of indirect hazard would be

A

the effects on coordination and cognitive functions

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11
Q

What is part of the digestive system?

A

Stomach, teeth, esophagus, phyranx

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12
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Digest food to absorb nutrients and break down food with gastric juices to be finally processed by the small intestine

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13
Q

Brooke is bedridden after an auto accident, What exercise would help her maintain the strength in her arms with the minimum of movement ?

A

isometric

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14
Q

Isometric

A

No equipment to contract and working on muscle strength staying still and not much joint movement “pressure” aka holding a towel for a period of time

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15
Q

Isokinetic

A

Using equipment that involves controlled movement aka the Pilates machine

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16
Q

isotonic

A

Actively moving joints aka push-ups

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17
Q

The principal function of the respiratory system is to intake oxygen and eliminate

A

Carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What part of the lungs is greatly affected by smoking?

A

your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs leading to many cancers’

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19
Q

Which of the following is the most common of the chronic lower respiratory diseases?

A

Emphysema

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20
Q

Which of these is true about the neurological effects of nicotine from smoking tobacco?

A

. Nicotine reaches the brain faster than any other form

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21
Q

American smoking rates declined in response to a number of initiatives. Among them, which of this came first?

A

b. The US Surgeon General’s report.

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22
Q

What do you think is the most likely reason that people in the 65+ age group have the lowest rate of smoking cigarettes?

A

Many longtime smokers die of related causes before getting that old.

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23
Q

People start and continue to smoke for various reasons. Which of the following is a reason they continue smoking rather than a reason they start?

A

Being addicted

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24
Q

Which of these is correct regarding cancer and smoking in the United States prior to the COVID pandemic?

A

Cancer is the leading cause of smoking-related death and the second leading cause of death in the United States

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25
Q

Which of the following has the highest death toll from passive smoking?

A

Heart disease

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26
Q

Why was the original D.A.R.E. program not especially effective in preventing smoking?

A

Because it focused on providing information through lectures

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27
Q

Rita tried repeatedly to quit smoking, but sooner or later she always had to have a cigarette, so she felt doomed to failure. Why might the approach of Marlatt and Gordon be helpful to Rita?

A

It teaches that they need not be discouraged by slips, which are not total relapses

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28
Q

Jaime was determined to quit smoking on his own, but dismayed when he relapsed after only two days. What proportion of self-quitters relapse after two days?

A

2/3rds of self-quitters

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29
Q

What do research studies find about the relationships among smoking, quitting, and gaining weight?

A

People gain weight when they continue to smoke and also when they quit smoking

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30
Q

Colita is overweight, and she just quit smoking. She is glad she quit, but worried she will gain more weight. Some research does show that overweight quitters gain more weight than do individuals who are not overweight. Which additional findings are true and might be encouraging to her?

A

The benefits of her quitting smoking exceed the benefits of maintaining lower weight.

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31
Q

Raising the legal drinking age from 18 to 21 in the United States resulted in a decline in adolescent drinking rates. What did the Monitoring the Future Project (2020) find about illegal drug use by the same age group?

A

Illegal drug use decreased parallel with the decrease in alcohol use.

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32
Q

Which of the following variables has an opposite correlation with alcohol intake?

A

age

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33
Q

In comparison to countries in which drinking alcohol is a common experience, which of the following is more common in countries that reserve alcohol use for special occasions?

A

Intoxication because tolerance is not being built

34
Q

When someone drinks, which enzyme turns the alcohol into aldehyde?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

35
Q

Alcohol metabolism causes increases of uric acid, which is related to

A

gout

36
Q

Tahoma, a middle-aged Navajo drank heavily for most of his adult life. He behaved aggressively toward his girlfriend and got into motor vehicle accidents. He was recently diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. Which of the following is accurate regarding this description?

indirect vs direct hazzard

A

His cirrhosis is a direct hazard of alcohol; his accident and behavior were both indirect hazards

37
Q

The health hazards of alcohol are most associated with

A

not a drinker and a heavy drinker

38
Q

Which of the following statements is most associated with the tension reduction model of drinking?

A

“My drinking brings me relief from the stress in my life and from the anxiety I feel over it.”

39
Q

During the 1800s, views of alcoholism shifted from which earlier to which later view?

A

Free will to a medical problem

40
Q

Marta and Maria are identical twins; Bruce and Bart are fraternal twins. What does research about the genetic influences on problem drinking suggest about these pairs?

A

If there is problem drinking, Marta and Maria are more likely to be similar because they are identical

41
Q

Philo wakes up every morning thinking he needs a drink as soon as possible and starts his day with a shot of vodka. He repeats this periodically throughout the day to maintain his functioning level and avoid getting antsy and irritable. He has done this for so long that he can go to work, operate a forklift, and perform accounting calculations with high levels of alcohol in his system. He managed to quit for years, but once he drank again, he felt the need to continue drinking much faster. This describes which model of alcohol abuse?

A

The alcohol dependency syndrome

42
Q

Natural recovery and spontaneous remission are terms describing people who change their drinking in which way?

A

Without formal therapy but with help from others

43
Q

Which of these statements about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as a treatment for alcohol abuse is both true and documented by research?

A

The structure of AA is not likely to work equally well for members without sponsors

44
Q

Studies assessing psychotherapeutic techniques for treating alcohol abuse have found that which of these are more effective?

A

Cognitive-behavioral

45
Q

Which chemical treatment for alcohol abuse is used in aversion therapy?

A

Disulfiram

46
Q

Among neurotransmitters affected by drug actions, which of these is most strongly implicated in activating the brain’s pleasure and reward circuits?

A

dopamine

47
Q

Thom regularly drinks multiple caffeine-containing energy drinks every day; Luz smokes cigarettes; Judy occasionally takes methamphetamine to help her study for exams; and Pietro occasionally smokes crack. What can accurately be said about these individuals?

A

they’re all using stimulants

48
Q

During which phase of the cascade proposed by the brain disease model is the brain flooded with pleasure-producing effects?

A

Binge and intoxication

49
Q

In the human digestive process, where does the most nutrient absorption take place?

A

in the small intestine

50
Q

Which of the following are substances that are absorbed by the small intestine during digestion?

A

Protein, carbohydrates, fats, bile salts, water

51
Q

Bile salts are made by the

A

liver

52
Q

Which of the following two peptide hormones are both made by the hypothalamus and act to increase the appetite?

A

Agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y

53
Q

Among theoretical explanations for obesity, the positive incentive model shares consideration of which factors in common with the set-point model?

A

Levels of appetite-regulating hormones

54
Q

Obesity, as measured by a BMI of 25–40 or above, is associated with which of these?

A

Increased risk of both morbidity and mortality

55
Q

Metabolic syndrome, which includes hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and insulin resistance and raises risks for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is associated with what kind(s) of excess body fat?

A

adominal

56
Q

For older adults, it is better to be

A

slightly overweight than thin

57
Q

Kate, who is obese, is researching weight loss methods. Which of the following does research find could be not only the safest, healthiest, and most balanced, but also the most effective for her?

A

Decreased portions, plus increased exercise

58
Q

Which of the following characteristics are commonly shared across the conditions of anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder?

A

Body dissatisfaction, preoccupation with weight and food, and binge eating behavior

59
Q

Three young adults meet in a treatment program. One is diagnosed with anorexia, one with bulimia, and one with binge eating. Based on research findings, what is most accurate about the success they may have with certain treatment methods?

A

CBT will help the bulimic more than the anorexic, and mindfulness can help the binge eater lose weight

60
Q

Patrick is a 30-year-old male who is markedly overweight, abuses alcohol, and has some symptoms that may indicate a personality disorder. Patrick has been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Based on this information and on research statistics, which eating disorder is he most likely to have?

A

binge eating disorder

61
Q

Athena is working on her explosive energy doing wind sprints. Her friend Letitia is working on her endurance doing long-distance running. Which statement accurately describes what each is doing?

A

Athena is engaging in anaerobic exercise and Letitia is engaging in aerobic exercise.

62
Q

Hilde presses her hands firmly against each other and against a wall to build up her arm strength. Ricardo lifts free weights and barbells to build his upper body strength. Which statement accurately describes what each is doing?

A

Hilde is engaging in isometric exercise and Ricardo is engaging in isotonic exercise.

63
Q

Richard Williams was a tennis player and coach who wrote a plan to train his two daughters to become tennis professionals. He began coaching them in their early childhoods. His daughters, Venus and Serena Williams, both became world-famous tennis champions. You could infer which of the following from this?

A

had both organic and dynamic fittness

64
Q

Which of the following is most accurate about exercise relative to body weight and shape?

A

Exercise helps weight loss most through raising one’s resting metabolic rate.

65
Q

What is most accurate about past and current research into the impact of exercise on risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

Early studies focused only on men, but later research suggests women may benefit even more.

66
Q

Which statement about the impact of exercise is accurate?

A

Light to moderate exercise increases the quantity and quality of people’s lives

67
Q

Regular physical activity can

A

prevent Type 2 diabetes and help manage Types 1 and 2

68
Q

Research finds that exercise is effective for reducing which of the following?

A

Mild or moderate depression and state anxiety

69
Q

Based on the findings of multiple researchers and studies, exercise exerts its influence on the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer through inhibiting the release of

A

proinflammatory cytokines

70
Q

Depending on your goals, what can you best assume about the quality of exercise you need to attain them relative to the American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM) recommendations?

A

If you want to lose weight or to maintain a weight loss, you will need to exceed the recommendations for exercise intensity and duration.

71
Q

Based on the information given, which would you evaluate as more effective for increasing student physical activity not only in school, but also outside of school?

A

social support interventions

72
Q

disulfiram is used to treat alcohol abuse because

A

it produces an unpleasant effect when combined with alcohol

73
Q

Most common treatment for alcohol abuse is

A

AA treatment with sponsor

74
Q

how many individuals are overweight and obese in the adult population in the U.S?

A

70%

75
Q

Thought what decades have obesity and overweight has increased

A

In the last two decades 2000s-2010s-2020s

76
Q

How much can physical activity reduce risk of death?

A

33%

77
Q

Liver damage and Alcohol

A

cirrhosis

78
Q

Neurological damage and Alcohol

A

Korsakoff syndrome

79
Q

Cardiovascular system and Alcohol

A

heavy drinking related to heart disease and stroke

80
Q

Pregnancy and Alcohol

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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