Part 1.2 Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What do proprioreceptors sense?

A

That movement has increased in the muscles

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2
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense?

A

Changes in chemicals in the muscles and blood. These changes include increased CO2, lactic acid and increased acidity in the blood

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3
Q

What do baroreceptors sense?

A

They are sensitive to stretch within the blood vessel walls, they detect increased blood pressure

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4
Q

Hormonal control

A

Increase of adrenaline released into blood (anticipatory rise), stimulates the SA node to increase heart rate and therefore stroke volume

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5
Q

Intrinsic control

A

Durning exercise, temp increases which increases the speed of nerve impulses which in turn increase heart rate.

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6
Q

What does intrinsic control increase?

A

Venous return, myocardial stretch, EDV, SV, temperature, nerve impulses, HR, CO

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7
Q

Mechanisms that aid return of blood to right atrium (venous return)

A

Pocket valves - force blood in one direction
Skeletal muscle pump - veins are squeezed between skeleton and muscles in contraction and relaxation phases
Respiratory pump - more pressure in abdominal cavity squeezes veins
Smooth muscle - (in walls of veins push blood (smooth = less friction))
Gravity - blood pooling (only mention in 5 marker)

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8
Q

What is the pathway of blood

A

• Vena Cava
• Right atria
• Right AV valve (tricuspid)
• Right ventricle
• Pulmonary artery
• Lungs (becomes oxygenated)
• Pulmonary vein
• Left atria
• Left AV valve (bicuspid)
• Left ventricle
• Aorta
• Oxygenated blood goes to organs and muscles

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9
Q

Mechanisms of venous return

A

• Pocket valves. One way valves located in the veins which prevent the backflow of blood
• Smooth muscle. The layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall venoconstricts to create venomotor tone which aids the movement of blood
• Gravity. Blood from the upper body, above the heart, is helped to return by gravity
• Muscle pump. During exercise, skeletal muscles contract compressing the veins located between them, squeezing the blood back to the heart
• Respiratory pump. During inspiration and expiration, a pressure difference between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity is created, squeezing the blood back to the heart. As exercise increases respiratory rate, the respiratory pump is maximised.

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10
Q

Mechanics of inspiration at rest

A

• external intercostals contract, lifting the rib cage and the sternum up and out
• the diaphragm contracts and flattens
• volume of thoracic cavity increases
• pressure in the lung tissue decreases

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11
Q

Mechanics of inspiration during exercise

A

• external intercostals, diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor contract with more force
• ribs and sternum lift up and out further
• volume of thoracic cavity increases more than at rest
• pressure in the lung tissue decreases more than at rest

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12
Q

Mechanics of expiration at rest

A

• external intercostal muscles relax, lowering the rib cage and sternum down and in
• the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape
• volume in thoracic cavity decreases
• pressure in the lung tissue increases

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13
Q

Mechanics of expiration during exercise

A

• external intercostals and diaphragm relax
• internal intercostals and rectus abdominis contract
• ribs and sternum move down and in more
• volume in thoracic cavity decreases more than at rest
• pressure in the lung tissue increases more than at rest

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14
Q

Explain what happens during diastole

A

• as the atria and then ventricles relax, they expand drawing blood into the atria
• the pressure in the atria increases opening AV valves
• blood passively enters the ventricles
• SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart

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15
Q

Explain atrial systole

A

• the atria contract, forcing remaining blood into the ventricles

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16
Q

Explain ventricular systole

A

• the ventricles contract, increasing the pressure closing the AV valves to prevent backflow into the atria
• SL valves are forced open as blood is ejected from the ventricles into the aorta and the pulmonary artery

17
Q

define heart rate and give a resting value

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute (resting HR typically 72bpm, trained = 50bpm)

18
Q

Define stroke volume and give a typical resting value

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (resting SV approx 70ml, trained = 100ml)

19
Q

Define cardiac output (Q) and give a typical resting value

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute - HR × SV = Q
(Resting Q typically 5l/min)

20
Q

Define bradycardia

A

A resting heart rate below 60bpm

21
Q

Define breathing rate and give a typical resting and maximal value

A

The number of inspirations or expirations per minute (resting approximately 12-15 breaths/min, trained = 11-12 breaths/min. Maximal approximately 40-50, trained = 50-60)

22
Q

Define tidal volume and give a typical resting and maximal value

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath (resting approximately 500ml, trained athlete is the same. Maximal approximately 2.5-3L, trained = 3-3.5L)

23
Q

Define minute ventilation and give a typical resting value

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute, TV × f = VE (approximately 6-7.5l/min, trained = 5.5-6)

24
Q

Define association

A

The combining of oxygen with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

25
Q

Define dissociation

A

The release of oxygen from haemoglobin for gaseous exchange

26
Q

Define the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

A graph showing the relationship between pO2 and percentage saturation of haemoglobin

27
Q

Define Bohr shift

A

A move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream

28
Q

What is the vasomotor control centre?

A

The control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution

29
Q

What is vasomotor tone

A

The partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls

30
Q

Define gaseous exchange

A

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the alveoli via diffusion down a concentration gradient