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Biology 20 (Alberta) > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need to breathe?

A
  • We need oxygen for cellular respiration which provides energy for cellular metabolism
  • Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of cellular respiration but is waste
  • The function of the respiration system is to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the environment
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2
Q

What are the two main requirements for respiration?

A
  1. Large surface area: for a maximal oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange rate.
  2. Moist environment: to dissolve oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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3
Q

What are the different stages of respiration?

A
  1. Breathing: inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling)
  2. External respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood
  3. Internal respiration: exchange of gases blood and body tissues.
  4. Cellular respiration: energy releasing chemical reactions that take place within the cell.
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4
Q

What two muscles are used for breathing?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Intercostal muscles
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5
Q

What are the mechanics of inhalation?

A

Muscles contract
- Rib cage up and outward
- Diaphragm downward
- Volume thoracic cavity increases
- Air pressure in lungs decreases

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6
Q

What are the mechanics of exhalation?

A

Muscles relax
- Rib cage down and inward
- Diaphragm upward
- Volume thoracic cavity decreases
- Air pressure in lungs increases

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7
Q

What happens to your breathing in the event of a punctured lung?

A

Creates equal pressure between the lungs and the outside environment, making it harder for air to move into lungs

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8
Q

What happens to your breathing at high altitudes?

A

The atmospheric pressure is lower and more equal to the pressure inside your lungs, making it harder for air to move in.

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9
Q

What is respiratory volume?

A

The volume of gas in the lungs at a given time during the respiratory cycle

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10
Q

What measures respiratory volume

A

A spirograph

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11
Q

What is a spirograph measured in?

A

volume per second (v/s)

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12
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the external environment and the body. Occurs between alveoli and capillaries (both of which have very thin walls)

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13
Q

What are the two processes of external respiration?

A
  1. Diffusion - the higher concentration of oxygen in air moves to capillaries, carrying oxygen poor blood
  2. Facilitated Diffusion - proteins embedded in alveoli cell membranes, moving with the concentration gradient, increasing the speed of respiration (process used 30% of the time)
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14
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases with the internal environment, and occurs in the tissues

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15
Q

Why is oxygen transported via hemoglobin instead of blood?

A

Because oxygen is not very soluble in blood

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16
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

An oxygen-carrying hemoglobin

17
Q

How is oxygen exchanged throughout the body?

A

When the oxyhemoglobin is circulating through the body and passes a tissue requiring oxygen, the oxygen falls off and diffuses through the capillary wall into the tissue

18
Q

How is Carbon dioxide produced in the body?

A

When muscles do work, they use oxygen and release CO2

19
Q

How is CO2 exchanged throughout the body?

A

When there is a build up of carbon dioxide in the tissues, the carbon dioxide will move out of the tissues to the blood (lower partial pressure)

20
Q

How do hemoglobin perform the CO2 exchange?

A

Hemoglobin binds to 23% of the body’s CO2 (forming carbaminohemoglobin) and carries it to the lungs, where the CO2 falls off and diffuses into the alveoli

21
Q

How do bicarbonate ions perform the CO2 exchange?

A

CO2 combines with H2O in the plasma to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is very unstable and quickly breaks down to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (HCO3- + H+). The hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin and travel to the lungs whereas the bicarbonate ions are dissolved in blood and carried back to the lungs. At the lungs, H+ combines with HCO3-, reforming CO2 which diffuses in the alveoli Oxygen replaces H+ from the hemoglobin binding sites

22
Q

What is the formula for internal respiration

A

HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O

23
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

Sensory receptors that detect certain chemical stimuli in the environment (oxygen and carbon dioxide are examples of chemical stimuli)

24
Q

How is your breathing regulated when there is an excess of CO2 in your blood

A

Too much CO2 causes an increase the acidity of your blood, which is detected by chemoreceptors in the brain. The chemoreceptors then stimulate a nerve response to increase breathing in order to expel more carbon dioxide therefore decreasing acidity

25
Q

How is your breathing regulated when there is a lack of oxygen in your blood

A

Low oxygen levels are detected by chemoreceptors in carotid artery, which sends nerve impulse to brain
to increase breathing rate

26
Q

What are two examples of upper respiratory infections?

A
  1. Tonsillitis
  2. Laryngitis
27
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Infection of the tonsils (in pharynx), usually viral, tonsils can be surgically removed but it is not recommended

28
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of the larynx, usually viral, can be triggered by allergies or straining vocal cords

29
Q

What are four examples of lower respiratory infections?

A
  1. Bronchitis
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Lung cancer
  4. Cystic Fibrosis
30
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Bronchi become inflamed and filled with mucus, which is coughed out

Acute: short term, bacterial, treated with antibiotics.
Chronic: longer term, caused by irritants (ex. cigarette smoke), cilia is destroyed, treated by lifestyle changes & medication

31
Q

What is pneumonia

A
  • Alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid
  • Interferes with gas exchange

Lobular: affects entire lobe; caused by bacteria. Treated with antibiotics & vaccine is available.
Bronchial: isolated to ends of individual bronchioles throughout both lungs. Can be viral or bacterial

32
Q

What is lung cancer

A
  • Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in lungs
  • Cells multiply by malignant tumours (carcinomas)
  • Tumours can damage tissue and produce toxins
  • Carcinogens (cancer-causing chemicals) in tobacco are the leading cause of lung cancer
33
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A
  • A serious genetic condition where an abnormal gene disrupts cells in pulmonary tract
  • Causes an overproduction of mucus and liquid in lungs, so thick it cannot be coughed out
  • Treated with traditional transplant surgery but is not often successful (gene therapy research in progress)
34
Q

How are lung infections detected?

A

CT scan: specialized x-ray that can detect abnormalities

Helical low-dose CT scan: CT scan using low doses of radiation; can detect very small tumours

Chest x-ray: can show abnormalities (including cancer) but most of them cannot be distinguished from each other

Sputum test: coughed up mucus is tested for cancer cells

Biology 20 (Alberta) (12 decks)

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