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CSCS Shit > Chapter 1 shit > Flashcards

Chapter 1 shit Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Vertebral Column Coccyx, Ribs, Sternum

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2
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

Shoulders, pectoral girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle), wrist and hands, pelvic girdle, legs and ankles, feet.

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3
Q

How does the vertebral column break down?

A

7 Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral.

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4
Q

What are the three kinds of joints? (not by movement)

A

Fibrous (sutures of skull), Cartillaginous (vertebral column), Synovial (elbows, knees, hips)

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5
Q

What are the three kinds of movements that joints will do with examples of a body part?

A

Uniaxial (elbow, knee)
Biaxial (fingers, toes)
Multiaxial (hips, shoulders)

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6
Q

Name the 2 kinds of limb muscle attachments

A

Proximal - closer to the midline
Distal - further from the midline

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7
Q

Name the 2 kinds of Trunk muscle attachments

A

Superior - closer to head
inferior - cloesr to feet

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8
Q

How to tendons relate to muscles?

A

They attach muscles to bone periosteum

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9
Q

What is the bone periosteum

A

special connective tissue thats on all bones

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10
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

fibrous connective tissue that covers all muscles and is contiguous with tendons

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11
Q

What do you call an individual muscle cell?

A

Muscle fiber

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12
Q

What shape are muscle fibers?

A

cylindrical and 50-100 micrometers in diameter

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13
Q

What do you call a group of up to 150 fibers?

A

fasciculi

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14
Q

What is the perimysium

A

connective tissue that covers fasciculi

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15
Q

What is endomysium

A

connective tissue that covers individual fibers and is contiguous with sarcolemma

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16
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

it is the membrane of a muscle fiber, contiguous with endomysium

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17
Q

What are the 9 components of a muscle fiber?

A

sarcolemma
protein myofibrils (actin and myosin)
additional protein
stored glycogen
fat particles
enzymes
mitochondria
sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubules

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18
Q

How are myofibrils organized?

A

longitudinally

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19
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

tubules that surround each myofibril that contains the calcium ions needed to generate and regulate a muscle contraction

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20
Q

What are T-Tubules

A

tubules that run perpendicular to sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate near the z line between 2 sarcomeres

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21
Q

What are Sarcomeres?

A

smallest contractile units of a muscle, organized based on the areas that contain myosin or actin

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22
Q

What is the A-band?

A

Part of sarcomere that corresponds to the alignment of myosin filaments

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23
Q

What is the Z-line?

A

Splits the I band that separates sarcomeres

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24
Q

What is the I-Band

A

corresponds with the area between two adjacent sarcomeres containing only actin

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25
Q

What is the H-Zone?

A

zone in the middle of the sarcomere that contains myosin

26
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Motor units consist of motor neurons and the muscle fibers they innervate (supply)

27
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A

nerve cell responsible for innervating(supplying) a muscle fiber

28
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Junction between muscle fiber and motor neuron

29
Q

How man fibers can a motor neuron signal to contract simultaneously?

A

A single motor neuron can innervate hundreds and even thousands of individual muscle fibers

30
Q

What is the all or nothing principle?

A

A motor unit will activate all fibers innervated by the motor neuron or none. there is no in between

31
Q

What are the 5 phases of the sliding-filament theory of a muscle contraction?

A

Resting Phase
Excitation-contraction coupling phase
Contraction phase
Recharge Phase
Relaxation Phase

32
Q

What is the resting phase?

A

Majority of calcium is in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Few myosin cross bridges are bound to actin

33
Q

What is the Excitation-contraction coupling phase?

A

-Nervous system signals the motor unit to contract
-Action potential discharges across the neuromuscular junction
-Calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Calcium released binds with troponin situated along the actin filament
-H-zone and I-band shrink
-Z-Lines pull together as sarcomere shrinks

34
Q

What is the contraction phase?

A

-ATP on myosin crossbridge breaks down via hydrolysis, catalyzed by an enzyme called myosin ATPase
-Breakdown of ATP into ADP and phosphate delivers the energy for the pulling action known as the power stroke

35
Q

What is the Recharge Phase?

A

-New ATP replaces the ADP on the myosin crossbridge
-If calcium, ATP and atpase are available, contractions repeat

36
Q

What is the relaxation phase?

A

-Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Actin and myosin return to unbound state
-Muscle relaxes

37
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

A

Type 1, Type 2a and Type 2x

38
Q

What are factors of type 1 muscle fibers?

A

resistant to fatigue, high capillary density, low recruitment threshold. Used for endurance aerobic focused. (slow twitch)

39
Q

What are factors of type 2 muscle fibers?

A

Type 2 is less resistant, fast fatigue, anaerobic focused, produces lots of force. (fast twitch)

40
Q

What type fibers are postural muscles?

A

Type 1

41
Q

What type fibers are in prime movers?

A

Both type 1 and type 2

42
Q

What two factors determine muscle force?

A

Frequency of the activation (twitch), and increase in the number of activated motor units

43
Q

What is tetanus?

A

Tetanus is when the muscle twitches are so frequent that they merge together.

44
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

it’s a modified muscle fiber enclosed in a sheet of connective tissue that are known for intrafusal runs parallel to normal muscle fibers (extrafusal). They cause corresponding fibers to contract when stretch (stretch reflex) indicating how much muscle activation is needed to overcome resistance

45
Q

What are golgi tendon organs?

A

GTOs are located in the tendons near myotendinous junction and are attached end to end in extrafusal muscle fibers.
Activated when the tendon attached to the muscle is stretched. More discharge as muscle tension increases
Will shut down muscles to prevent excessive tension by stimulating inhibitory neurons in spinal cord.
Motor cortex can override this response (thought of as an adaptation of heavy resistance training)

46
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart and what do they do?

A

Right Atrium - receives non-oxygenated blood from the body
Left atrium - Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle - pumps blood through the pulmonary circulation
Left Ventricle - pumps oxygenated blood through the body

47
Q

What do valves of the heart do?

A

passively ensure proper blood flow

48
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart and what do they do?

A

-Atrioventricular valves known as tricuspid and mitral valves which prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into atria during contraction (systole)
-Semilunar valves known as the aortic and pulmonary valves prevent backflow from aorta and pulmonary arteries during ventricular relaxation (diastole)

49
Q

What makes up the conduction system of the heart and what does each part do?

A

-Sinoatrial node - pacemaker of the heart, source of rhythmic electrical impulses
-Atrioventricular node - conducts impulse to ventricles via the left and right bundle
-Atrioventricular bundle - conducts impulses to ventricles via the left and right bundle branches 0 further branching into purkinje fibers. Transmits simultaneously to the left and right ventricles

50
Q

What 3 components are apart of an ECG (electrocardiogram)?

A

P wave
qrs complex
T wave

51
Q

What is a p-wave?

A

graphically represents electrical depolarization of the atria which results in mechanical contraction

52
Q

What is a QRS Complex?

A

graphically represents depolarization of the ventricles

53
Q

What is a T-wave

A

represents graphically the ventricular repolarization resetting the heart between each beat

54
Q

What 3 substances make up blood?

A

-hemoglobin - iron protein molecule that transports oxygen and buffers blood ph
-Red blood cells - contain hemoglobin and facilitate co2 removal
-White blood cells - attack unknown organisms, diseases, and clean up cells.

55
Q

What 2 subsystems make up the blood vessel system?

A

Arterial System and Venous system

56
Q

What makes up the arterial system?

A

-Arteries - large tubes that rapidly transport blood from the heart that have stiff walls
-Arterioles - small tubes that branch off the arteries and control the blood before entering the capillaries
-Capillaries - smallest tubes that facilitate exchange of O2, CO2 and nutrients between blood and tissues

57
Q

What makes up the Venous system?

A

-Venules - collect blood from capillaries and transport it to veins
-Veins - larger tubes that return blood to the heart, have thinner dilatable walls that constrict or expand based on the needs of the body

58
Q

What’s the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries transport blood from the heart veins transport blood back to the heart

59
Q

What are the 5 passages for the lungs and what do they do?

A

-Nasal cavity - warms, purifies and humidifies air entering the body
- Trachea - first gen respiratory passage
-Right and left bronchi - where air goes after the trachea, second gen passage
-Bronchioles - additional 23 generations of passageways that deliver air to alveoli
- Alveoli - location in lungs where the gas exchange known as diffusion occurs nearly instantaneously

60
Q

Describe what the diaphragm does when someone breathes

A

diaphragm contracts creating negative pressure in the lungs that pulls air in. for breathing out it relaxes and the lungs/chest cavity expel the air

61
Q

What muscles increase inspiration during heavy breathing by elevating the rib cage?

A

Intercostals
Sternocleidomastoids
Anterior serrati
Scaleni

62
Q

What is a pleural membrane?

A

Lungs are surrounded by pleural membranes that normally contain negative pleural pressure that increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration

CSCS Shit (24 decks)

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