Session 9 ILO's

Question 1

Describe the ‘anatomical position’

Answer 1

The human body standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward

Question 2

Define the limits of body regions and major parts of the body

Answer 2

E.g head, neck, pelvis (COME BACK TO)

Question 3

Define the terms , transverse, axial, coronal, sagittal’

Answer 3

These terms are relative, we must never use them in isolation! Always have to relate them to another structure

(COME BACK TO)

Question 4

Define the term ‘Medial’

Answer 4

Medial refers to a location or position toward the midline

E.g. the ulna is on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is lateral to the ulna

Question 5

Define the term ‘Lateral’

Answer 5

Lateral refers to a location or position farther from the midline

E.g. the ulna is on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is lateral to the ulna

Question 6

Define the term ‘Anterior’

Answer 6

Anterior refers to the front of the body / a position closer to the front

E.g. the sternum is anterior on the chest wall, and the scapula is posterior

Question 7

Define the term ‘Posterior’

Answer 7

Posterior refers to the back of the body / a position more toward the back

E.g. the sternum is anterior on the chest wall, and the scapula is posterior

Question 8

What are synonyms for anterior and posterior?

Answer 8

• Ventral is a synonym of anterior
• Dorsal is a synonym of posterior

Question 9

Define the term ‘Distal’

Answer 9

Distal means away from the trunk (Thorax, abdomen and pelvis/ Torso)

E.g. The elbow is proximal to the wrist but distal to the shoulder

Typically used in reference to the limbs, where the limb attaches to the trunk

Question 10

Define the term ‘Proximal’

Answer 10

Proximal means toward the trunk (Thorax, abdomen and pelvis/ Torso)

E.g. The elbow is proximal to the wrist but distal to the shoulder

Typically used in reference to the limbs, where the limb attaches to the trunk

Question 11

Define the term ‘Superior’

Answer 11

• Superior indicates a body part that is above another or refers to the upper surface of an organ or a structure

E.g. the body of the sternum is superior to the xiphoid process but inferior to the manubrium

Question 12

Define the term ‘Inferior’

Answer 12

Inferior indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure

E.g. the body of the sternum is superior to the xiphoid process but inferior to the manubrium

Question 13

What are the synonyms for superior and inferior?

Answer 13

• Cranial refers to a position or structure close to the head
• Caudal refers to a position or structure close to the feet

Question 14

Compare and contrast to the terms ‘superficial’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘deep’

Answer 14

Depending on the relative depth of the structure

Superficial - Nearer to the surface

Intermediate - Between a superficial and deep structure

Deep - Farther from the surface

E.g. the scalp being described as superficial to the skull

Question 15

Define the term ‘Ipsilateral’

Answer 15

Structures on the same side
(Help with defining left and right)

Question 16

Define the term ‘contralateral’

Answer 16

Structures on opposite sides
(Help with defining left and right)

Question 17

Define and recognise common anatomical terms, such as lateral and medial rotation, circumduction, supination and pronation’.

Question 18

Define the specialised terms associated with movements in the hand and foot

Question 19

Relate simple peripheral limb movements with anatomical plane movements

Question 20

Give an introductory outline on the field of radiology, what are its uses and its limitations

Answer 20

Radiology is the science of medical imaging used to diagnose and sometimes also treat diseases within the body using ionising radiation.

Question 21

What are the uses of radiology ?

Answer 21

• Oncological imaging to detect cancers and response to treatment of cancers
• Can help surgeons in planning surgery
• -

Question 22

What are the limitations of radiology?

Question 23

Define nuclear medicine and its uses and limitations

Question 24

Provide an explanation of what contrast media are, what are available and their common uses in radiology

Question 25

Explain the concept of interventional radiology and provide a suitable clinical example

Answer 25

• Interventional radiology (IR or sometimes VIR for vascular and interventional radiology) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance.

Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes (e.g., angiogram), while others are done for treatment purposes (e.g., angioplasty).

The basic concept behind interventional radiology is to diagnose or treat pathologies, with the most minimally invasive technique possible. These procedures are often performed with the patient fully awake, with little or no sedation required. Images are used for guidance, and the primary instruments
used during the procedure are needles and catheters (
be inserted in the body cavities or vessels). The images provide maps that allow the clinician to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing disease. By minimising the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery times, as well as hospital stays.

Question 26

Define the term ‘ Flexion’

Answer 26

Decreasing the angle at a joint
Occurs within the saggital plane

Question 27

Define the term ‘ Extension’

Answer 27

Increasing the angle at a joint
Occurs within the saggital plane

Question 28

Define the term ABduction

Answer 28

ABduction takes structures away from the midline (if you are abducted you get ‘taken away’)

Question 29

Define the term ADduction

Answer 29

ADduction brings structures back towards the midline, however it is possible to adduct beyond the midline

Question 30

What is a contrast agent?

Answer 30

• A chemical agent administered to a patient, in order to image them