Introduction To Anatomy And Radiology

Question 1

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 1

Face forward with your eyes and toes pointing in the same direction
Put your arms by your side with the palms facing forwards
Put your lower limbs close together with feet parallel to each other

Question 2

Define the limits of body regions and major parts of the body

Answer 2

Head is superior to all other structures in the body
Feet are inferior to all other parts of the body
Hands are most lateral
Umbilicus is the most medial pat of the body
The upper limb includes not only the arms, but also the elbow, forearm, wrist hands
The lower limb consists of thigh, knee, leg, ankle and foot

Question 3

Define the terms anterior and posterior

Answer 3

Anterior means nearer to the front e.g., the toes are anterior to the ankle
Posterior means nearer to the back e,g, the heel is posterior to the toes

Question 4

Define the terms medial and lateral

Answer 4

Medial means nearer to median plane e.g. the little finger is on the medial side of the hand
Lateral means farther from the median plane e.g. the thumb is on the lateral side of the hand

Question 5

Define the terms inferior and superior

Answer 5

Inferior means nearer to feet e.g., the stomach is interior to the heart
Superior means nearer to head e.g., the heart is superior to the stomach

Question 6

Define the term transverse/axial

Answer 6

The transverse/axial plane separates the top half of the body from the bottom half of the body

Question 7

Define the term coronal

Answer 7

The coronal place separates the anterior areas of the body e.g. the chest, from the anterior parts of the body e.g., the back

Question 8

Define the term Sagittal

Answer 8

The sagittal plane separates the body by splitting it through the middle e.g, separates the left side from the right side of the body

Question 9

Define the term superficial

Answer 9

Superifcial means nearer to the surface.g., the muscles of the arm are superficial to the bone (humerus)

Question 10

Define the term intermediate

Answer 10

Intermediate means between a superficial and a deep structure e.g., the biceps muscle is intermediate between the skin and the humerus

Question 11

Define the term deep

Answer 11

Deep means father from the surface e.g., the humerus is deep t9 the arm muscles

Question 12

Define the terms proximal and distal

Answer 12

Proximal means nearer to trunk/point of origin e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist and the promise part of an artery is the beginning
Distal means farther from the trunk/point of origin leg., the wrist is distal to the elbow and the distal part of the upper limb is the hand

Question 13

Define the terms ipsilateral and contralateral

Answer 13

Ipsilateral refers to structures on the same side e.h., the right and to the right foot
Contralateral refers to structures on opposite sides e.g., the right hand to the left foot

Question 14

Define the terms flexion and extension

Answer 14

Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane.
Flexion involves decreasing g the angle at the joint e.g., the leg move forward
Extension involves increasing the angle at a joint e.g., the leg moves back

Question 15

Define the terms abduction and adduction

Answer 15

Abduction takes structures away from the midline e.g., extending your arms outwards
Adduction brings structures back towards the midline however it is possible to adduction beyond the mdiline

Question 16

Define the terms lateral and medial rotation

Answer 16

Lateral and medial rotation curve in the transverse plane. Lateral and medial rotation are best appreciated with the elbow or knee flexed to 90 degrees. This emphasises that rotation occurs typically about the shoulder and hip joints

Question 17

Define the term circumdation

Answer 17

Circumdation is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
Supination describe the up orientation of your hand, arm or foot. When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated
Pronation describes the down orientation of your hand, arm or foot. When your palm or hand faces down its pronated

Question 18

Define the specialised terms associated with movements in the hand and foot

Answer 18

The hand has some specialised terms such as opposition and reposition. Some clinical studies call thumb abduction palmar abduction and thumb extension radial abduction
The ankle has some specialised terms such as Doris flexion and plantar flexion as well as e version and inversion

Question 19

Relate simple peripheral limb movements with anatomical plane movements

Question 20

Give an introductory outline on the field of radiology, what are its uses and it’s limitation

Question 21

Define nucleus medicine and its uses and limitations

Question 22

Provide and explanation of what contrast media are

Answer 22

Contrast agent are administered to the patient for a scan. They improve the contrast resolution (the ability to differentiate between different types of tissue. They help characterise pathology and different types are used for different modalities

Question 23

What types of scans use contrast and how are they given

Answer 23

Most commonly CT but also: MRI, gastogriffin in abdominal X-rays, Angiograms, GI fluoroscopy and ultrasound
Contrasts can be given: intravenously, intraarterial, orally, rectally or through any cavity

Question 24

What are the types of contrast

Answer 24

X-ray based modalities
Positive - contrast is more radiopaque (blocks x-rays). Tend to be heavy elements such as iodine (used in CT) or barium
Negative - contrast is more radio lucena (doesn’t block x-rays). Used less commonly and tend to be lighter materials such as CO2
MRI - gadolinium based agents are used (interferes with bow protons behave in a magnetic field)
Ultrasound - micro bubbles (interacts with sound waves)

Question 25

What are the ideal characteristics of contrasts

Answer 25

Biologically inert
Safe and non toxic
Stable for storage and within the body
Low osmolality and viscosity
Soluble in water
Cost effective

Question 26

Explain the concept of interventional radiology and provide a suitable clinical example

Question 27

What are Idiosyncratic reactions

Answer 27

They cannot be explained by drugs known mechanism of action. They do not occur at any does in most patients. They are mostly unpredictable
The severity can be mild (flushing, itching etc), moderate (marked urticaria, bronchospasm etc), or severe (anaphylaxis, cardiopulmonary arrest).

Question 28

Describe AP, PA and lateral projections in x-rays

Answer 28

AP (anteroposterior) projections involve the patient facing the X-ray tube and their back to the detector. The heart appears bigger as it is closer to the tube
PA (prosteroanterior) projections involve the patient facing the X-ray detector and their back to the tube for the scan. This is what is normally done
Lateral X-ray projections include the patients side facing the X-ray tube and the other side facing the X-ray detector