Sleep

Question 1

3 measures of sleep

Answer 1

EEG, EOG, EMG

Question 2

EEG

Answer 2

electroencephalogram (brain waves)

Question 3

EOG

Answer 3

electrooculogram (records eye movement)

Question 4

EMG

Answer 4

electromyogram (records loss of activity in neck)

Question 5

3 Stages of Sleep (EEG)

Answer 5

1. Waking EEG but slower
2. K complexes and sleep spindles
3. delta waves (large and slow)

Question 6

Alpha waves

Answer 6

more alpha = more relaxed

Question 7

Interpretations of Sleep

Answer 7

• dreams run on real-time
• everyone dreams
• external stimuli may be incorporated into dreams (muscle activity can’t move much)

Question 8

4 stages of sleep

Answer 8

Awake
1. near awake
2. light sleep
3. deep sleep
4. deep sleep (REM)

Question 9

Freud’s explanation of dream

Answer 9

Manifest content: stuff people dream of
Latent content: has to be interpreted

Question 10

Activation Synthesis Theory

Answer 10

brain is going through repair cycles

Question 11

Recuperation Theory

Answer 11

wakefulness disrupts homeostasis- sleep restores homeostasis
- all things sleep

Question 12

REM sleep deprivation

Answer 12

sleep deprivation increases the efficiency of sleep

Question 13

Circadian Sleep-Wake cycles

Answer 13

“about a day”
- zeitgebers: environmental cycles that entertain circadian cycles (light-day)

Question 14

Free running circadian sleep- wake cycles

Answer 14

a rare sleep pattern whereby the sleep schedule of a person shifts later every day.

Question 15

Circadian Clock

Answer 15

in the Suprachaismatic Nuclei

Question 16

adaption theory

Answer 16

sleep caused by an internal timing mechanism
sleep evolved to protect us

Question 17

Neural Mechanisms of entrainment

Answer 17

• cutting optic nerve before the optic chiasm (clock doesn’t work because you can’t see light)
• cutting after optic chiasm (clock still works)

Question 18

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCNs)

Answer 18

lesions do not reduce sleep time

Question 19

Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep

Answer 19

ventrolateral and median preoptic areas

Question 20

Reticular Formation and Sleep

Answer 20

facilitating not only wakefulness but REM sleep as well

Question 21

Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei

Answer 21

The raphe nuclei, a thin cluster of serotonin-releasing nuclei that lie along the
midline of the caudal reticular formation; lesions here produce insomnia.

Question 22

The basal forebrain, including the anterior hypothalamus; lesions here reduce sleep
duration.

Question 23

The caudal reticular formation REM-sleep circuits; various sites in the brainstem
control different aspects of REM sleep.

Question 24

Drugs that affect sleep

Answer 24

• Hypnotic drugs
• Antihypnotic drugs
• Melatonin

Question 25

Hypnotic drugs

Answer 25

increase sleep (Benzodiazepines) valium, librium
- short term
- increase in stage 2 sleep, decrease in stage 4 and rem

Question 26

Antihypnotic drugs

Answer 26

decrease in sleep (stimulants and tricycle antidepressants)
- both increase activity of catecholamines
- can cause weight loss

Question 27

Melatonin

Answer 27

-synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland
- not a sleep aid; may be used to shift circadian rhythms

Question 28

Sleep disorders

Answer 28

insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy

Question 29

Insomnia

Answer 29

• a disorder of sleep initiation and maintenance
• Iatrogenic: physician created (sleeping pill use)

Question 30

Sleep apnea

Answer 30

-obstructive (hard time breathing)
- Central
- risks for males, overweight, elderly

Question 31

Narcolepsy

Answer 31

-daytime sleepiness
- sleep paralysis
- hypnagogic hallucinations (dreaming while awake)
- immediately go into REM