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Year 4 - Cancer Care > Solid Tumors > Flashcards

Solid Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

Prostate cancer
- Risk Factors

A

Prostate cancer RFs

  1. Old age
  2. Black ethnicity
  3. Obesity
  4. BRACA 2
  5. Family history
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2
Q

Prostate cancer
- Histology

A

Prostate cancer

  1. Adenocarcinoma
  2. Peripheral zone
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3
Q

Prostate cancer
- S&S

A

Prostate cancer

  1. Frequency/OAB
  2. Nocturia
  3. Visible haematuria
  4. Dribble
  5. Systemic symptoms
  6. Back pain
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4
Q

PSA Requisites

A

PSA

  1. No sex or anal sex
  2. No prostate interventions
  3. Range changes with age
  4. No UTI
  5. No vigorous exercise
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5
Q

Prostate cancer screening

A

Prostate cancer screening

  1. Most will not die from it
  2. Slow growing
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6
Q

Prostate cancer grading and staging

A

Prostate cancer grading and staging

  1. Gleason grade
    - first and second most common
  2. TNM staging
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7
Q

Prostate cancer
- metastasis

A

Prostate metastasis
1. Bones
2. Lymph nodes

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8
Q

Prostate Cancer
DRE findings

A

Prostate DRE

  1. Firm
  2. Hard
  3. Asymmetrical
  4. Irregular
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9
Q

Prostate Referral

A

Prostate Referral

  1. Abnormal DRE
  2. PSA
  3. VH
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10
Q

Prostate cancer diagnosis
- Process

A

Prostate diagnosis

  1. DRE/PSA
  2. mpMRI (multi parametric)- Likert 5 point scoring
  3. Biopsy
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11
Q

Prostate cancer
- Management

A

Prostate cancer

  • Supportive
    1. Active surveillance (PSA, DRE, MRI)
  • Medical
    2. GnRH Agonist (Goserelin)
    3. Androgen receptor blockers (Bicalutimide)
  1. Surgical (Radical prostatectomy)
    - NB Side effects
  2. Radical radiotherapy
    - External beam or Brachy therapy
  3. Bilateral orchidectomy
  4. Chemotherapy
    - Docetaxel
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12
Q

Melanoma
- Invasion

A

Melanoma invasion

  1. Epidermis
    - In situ
  2. Dermis
    - Invasive
  3. Metastatic
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13
Q

Melanoma
- Types

A

Melanoma types

  1. Superficial spreading melanoma
    - 70%
    - Young and middle aged lower limbs
  2. Nodular melanoma
    - 15%
    - Young and middle aged trunk
  3. Acral lentiginous melanoma
    - 10%
    - Elderly, black and asian palms, soles, nailbeds
  4. Lentigo maligna melanoma
    - 5%
    - Elderly, face
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14
Q

Superficial spreading melanoma

  1. Demographic
  2. Sites
  3. Natural history
A
  • Superficial spreading melanoma
    70%
  • Demographic
    1. Young adults
    2. Middle aged
    3. Intermittent high intensity UV

Site
1. Commonly lower limbs

Natural history
1. Pigmented lesion
2. Slowly enlarging
3. Irregular colour and border

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15
Q

Nodular melanoma

  1. Demographic
  2. Sites
  3. Natural history
A

Nodular melanoma

  • Demographic
    1. Young adults
    2. Middle aged
  • Sites
    1. Trunk
  • Natural history
    1. Agressive
    2. Rapid, deep growth
    3. Early metastasis
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16
Q

Lentigo maligna melanoma

  1. Demographic
  2. Site
  3. Natural history
A

Lentigo maligna melanoma

  • Demographic
    1. Elderly
    2. Long-term cumulative UV exposure

Site
1. Lentigo maligna
2. Face

Natural history
1. Growth from lentigo maligna

17
Q

Acral lentignious melanoma

  1. Demographic
  2. Site
  3. Natural history
A

Acral lentiginous melanoma

  • Demographic
    1. Black
    2. Asian
    3. Elderly
  • Site
    1. Palms and soles
    2. Nail beds
18
Q

Pre-cursors for melanoma

A

Pre-cursors for melanoma

  1. Benign melanocytic naevus
    - Normal mole
  2. Atypical or dysplastic naevus
    - Benign but asymetrical
    - Increased risk of melanoma
  3. Atypical lentiginous junctional naevus
    - Flat naevus in heavily sun-damaged skin
  4. Actinic keratosis
    - Yellow-white scaly crusts
    - Sun-exposed skin
  5. Bowen disease
    - Red, scaly plaque
    - Slow-enlarging
    - Carcinoma in situ (3.5% progress to SCC)
19
Q

Actinic keratosis
- Management

A

Actinic keratosis mx

  1. Emolient
  2. Diclofenac (3%)
  3. Fluorouracil (5%)
    + Hydrocortisone
  4. Imiquimod
  5. Cryotherapy
  6. Photodynamic therapy
  7. Surgical excision and curettage + cautery
20
Q

Melanoma
- ABCDE

A

Melanoma

A - ssymetry
B - order
C - olour
D - iameter
E -volving

21
Q

Melanoma
- Staging and thickness prognostication

A

Melanoma thickness

  1. AJCC system
    - American joint committee on cancer
    - TNM
  2. Breslow thickness
    <1mm
    1-2 mm
    2-4mm
    >4mm
22
Q

Melanoma
- Investigations

A

Melanoma investigations

  1. Examination
    - Skin
    - Lymph nodes
  2. LDH
    - Cell turnover
23
Q

Melanoma
- Mx

A

Melanoma Mx

  1. WLE
    - Skin+fat+muscular fascia
    - Margin determined by Breslow thickness
  2. Adjuvant therapy
    - Chemotherapy
    - Radiotherapy
    - Immunotherapy
24
Q

Melanoma
- Histology

A

Melanoma histology

  1. Growth of melanocytes
  2. Stratum basale
25
Q

Breast Cancer
- Grading and staging

A

Breast Cancer

  1. Stage 1-4
  2. Grade 1-3
26
Q

Bowel Cancer
- Grading

A

Bowel Cancer
- Grade 1-3

27
Q

Bowel cancer
- Staging

A

Bowel cancer staging

  1. TNM
  2. Stage 1-4
  3. Dukes A-D
    TNM 1-4 equivalent

Year 4 - Cancer Care (7 decks)

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