Fluids

Question 1

Who is at most risk for dehydration?

Answer 1

new borns and elderly

Question 2

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 2

70% of total fluid and 40% of total body weight

Question 3

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 3

30% of total fluid and 20% of total body weight

Question 4

Interstitial Space

Answer 4

space between structures such as cells, organs and muscles

Question 5

Serum

Answer 5

obtained by spinning after clotting

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

obtained by spinning before clotting 55% of blood

Question 7

WBC, RBC and platelets

Answer 7

45% of blood

Question 8

Osmosis

Answer 8

movement of H2O from low to high concentration

Question 9

Diffusion

Answer 9

movement of solutes from high concentration to disperse out

Question 10

Active Transport

Answer 10

requires energy for movement of substances through cell membrane
ex sodium potassium pump

Question 11

Capillary Filtration

Answer 11

passage of fluid through permeable membrane from high to low pressure

Question 12

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 12

force exerted by fluid present with in blood capillaries against capillary wall, push fluid out of capillaries, occurs at arterial end

Question 13

Oncotic Pressure

Answer 13

exerted by proteins in blood plasma, pushes fluid into blood capillaries, occurs at venous end

Question 14

ANP and BNP

Answer 14

peptides that have diuretic effect for fluid overload

Question 15

Angiotensin 2

Answer 15

vasoconstrictor to increase BP

Question 16

Retention of Sodium and Water

Answer 16

kidney secretes renin–> adrenal glands secrete aldosterone

Question 17

Normal Serum Osmolality

Answer 17

200-300

Question 18

Normal Urine Osmolality

Answer 18

200-800

Question 19

What happens to osmolality and osmolarity when there isnt enough fluid?

Answer 19

increases

Question 20

Urine Specific Gravity

Answer 20

1.010-1.020; higher when dehydrated

Question 21

Sensible Fluid Loss

Answer 21

observable; urine, feces, perspiration

Question 22

Insensible Fluid Loss

Answer 22

not observable; expired breath, cutaneous transpiration

Question 23

Isotonic Fluids

Answer 23

adds fluid volume outside the cell; used to replace in case of fluid volume deficit; increases BP

Question 24

Types of Isotonic Fluids

Answer 24

0.9% sodium chloride
lactated ringers
D5W
D5NS

Question 25

Caution with isotonic fluids

Answer 25

high BP, heart and kidney failure

Question 26

What is the only fluid used when giving blood products

Answer 26

Normal Saline

Question 27

Hypotonic Fluid

Answer 27

water shifts from extracellular to intracellular: used to bring down high sodium levels and hypertonic dehydration ! WATCH FOR BRAIN SWELLING!

Question 28

Types of Hypotonic Fluids

Answer 28

0.5% normal saline (0.45% sodium chloride)
0.3% sodium chloride
Dextrose 5%

Question 29

Hypotonic Cautions

Answer 29

not for renal or heart failure

Question 30

Hypertonic Fluid

Answer 30

pulls water out of cell; decreases cellular swelling; can be used for cerebral edema

Question 31

Hypertonic Fluid types

Answer 31

3% sodium chloride
5% sodium chloride

Question 32

Hypertonic Considerations

Answer 32

give SLOWLY and closely monitor

Question 33

Colloids

Answer 33

large molecule that do not cross over membrane out of vessels, shifts water back into vasculature; used for hypotension and plasma extension

Question 34

Albumin

Answer 34

colloid, from liver so if liver isnt working properly it can cause ascites, can be given to get fluid back into vessels; expensive!

Question 35

Normal Intake

Answer 35

2600 mL per day
liquids- 1300
food- 1000
Metabolic oxidation- 300

Question 36

Normal Output

Answer 36

around 1-2 L
should balance with intake
Urine- 1500-2500
insensible- 350
Feces- 2000 ml

Question 37

Hypovolemia

Answer 37

BUN and hematocrit will increase; caused by decreased intake or increased loss; treated with isotonic

Question 38

Hypervolemia

Answer 38

Listen to lungs; caused by HF, kidney failure, cirrhosis, increased salt intake; treatment is diuretics and restricting sodium and fluid intake