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Human Physiology and exercise > Endocrine system part 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine system part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine signalling

A

The hormone is secreted from cells, diffuses into the blood or carried to the target organ

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2
Q

Gap junctions

A

Provide channels between adjacent cells

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3
Q

Synaptic signalling

A

Found in the nervous system where neurotransmitters are released from a nerve ending and diffuse to receptors

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4
Q

Where is paracrine signalling important?

A

During embryological development where many growth factors are released from cells and stimulate other cells
In the gastrointestinal tract, gut hormones secreted from the enteroendocrine cells (EEC) interact with receptors on neighbouring epithelial cells

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5
Q

The activities of the pineal gland and the pituitary gland are controlled from regions of the

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

The thyroid gland affects

A

Cell metabolism

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7
Q

Key functions of the kidney

A

Produces the hormone that controls red blood cell production: Erythropoietin and converts vitamin D to its active form calcitroil

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8
Q

Role of the adrenal gland

A

The outer cortex secretes steroid hormones and the inner medulla secretes catecholamines

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9
Q

Hormones that carry information from the periphery to the CNS

A

Leptin
Thyroxine
Ghrelin
Secretin

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10
Q

Hormone secreting cell integrates information

A

Vasopressin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Aldosterone
Glucagon
Melatonin
Insulin

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11
Q

Main features of the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus
Infundibulum
Anterior pituitary
Pars intermedia
Posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Role of the infundibulum

A

Connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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13
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus

A

Through a vascular portal system

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14
Q

How is the posterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus linked

A

The posterior pituitary contains nerve fibres that originate in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Role of the pars intermedia

A

In foetal and early life it secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone that results in skin pigmentation. It regresses in adults and becomes filled with colloid

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16
Q

The median eminence

A

Lies adjacent to the infundibulum
It is one of the circumventricular organs found that lack a blood-brain barrier. This allows the secreted releasing hormones to enter the capillary network. The releasing hormones are then carried into the portal capillary plexus that delivers them to the anterior pituitary endocrine cells.

17
Q

Neurons from the hypothalamic nuclei release their neurotransmitters (releasing hormones) into

A

the capillary plexus in the medium emimence

18
Q

Relationship between hypothalamus, releasing hormone and anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamic nuclei secrete releasing hormone into the median eminence from which they diffuse into the capillaries are carried into the anterior pituitary

19
Q

Trophic hormone, gland hormone, anterior pituitary and gland hormone

A

The anterior pituitary stimulates the release of trophic hormone
Trophic hormone stimulates the secretory gland, which stimulates the gland hormone

20
Q

What does TRH and TSH mean

A

Thyroid releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone

21
Q

Feedback control of thyroid gland activity

A

High centres stimulate the hypothalamus (body temperature), which stimulates the release of TRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the release of TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine.

22
Q

TSH inhibits

A

The release of TRH which comes from the hypothalamus

23
Q

Feedback control of adrenal cortical activity

A

Hypothalamus receives information about levels of stress. Hypothalamus stimulates the release of CRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the release of ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

24
Q

Feedback control of gonadal activity in males

A

The hypothalamus receives information related to sexual activity. This stimulates the release of GnRH, which stimulates the Anterior pituitary, which stimulates the release of FSH and LH, which stimulates the testes to release testosterone

25
Q

Feedback control of gonadal activity in females

A

Hypothalamus receives information related to sexual activity. Hypothalamus stimulates the release of GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the release of FSH and LH, which stimulates the ovaries to release estrogen and progesterone

26
Q

Feedback control of prolactin secretion

A

Hypothalamus inhibits and stimulates dopamine release, which inhibits the anterior pituitary which stimulates prolactin, which stimulates the mammary gland to stimulate suckling

27
Q

How do hormones go from the hypothalamus to the target organs (via the posterior pituitary)

A

Nuerons from the hypothalamic nuclei release their hormones from their nerve endings in the PP.
They enter the posterior pituitary capillary bed and are carried from the gland in the venous blood
After passing through the right side of the heart and lungs, they enter the circulatory system and are carried to their target organs

28
Q

Major features of the control of vasopressin release

A

Decreased arterial blood pressure is caused from hyperosmolality and decreased plasma volume, which stimulates the posterior pituitary to release vasopressin, which stimulates the arterioles to vasoconstrict and the kidneys to retain water

29
Q

Control of oxytocin release during labour

A

Hypothalamus causes the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin which causes the uterus to contract

30
Q

Control of oxytocin release during suckling

A

Hypothalamus causes the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin which causes the mammary gland to eject milk

31
Q

What does suckling do

A

It stimulates sensory nerves that carry information to the brain

32
Q

Thyroid hormones are transported into cells by

A

Membrane transport proteins; they do not diffuse into cells

33
Q

Thyroid hormones affect virtually every cell in the body

A

True

34
Q

Which hormones associated wit thyroid function can be measured in the plasma

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
T4
T3

35
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

When thyroid hormones are elevated

36
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

When thyroid hormones are depressed

37
Q

Features associated with hypothyroidism

A

Reproductive failure
Slow HR
Weakness/lethargy

38
Q

Features associated with hyperthryoidism

A

Insomnia
Fast heart rate
Anxiety
Nervousness

Human Physiology and exercise (12 decks)

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