Review of a Cell

Question 1

Three main parts of a cell

Answer 1

Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleous

Question 2

Cell membrane purpose and make up

Answer 2

Protects cell; Holds in water and nucleus

Question 3

Cytoplasm is composed primarily of what?

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

What is the purpose of the cytoplasm?

Answer 4

Conducts all cellular metabolism

Question 5

Cytoplasm contains what?

Answer 5

Organelles

Question 6

Centrosomes

Answer 6

Participates in cell division

Question 7

Ribosomes

Answer 7

Synthesize protein

Question 8

Lysosomes

Answer 8

Contain enzymes for intracellular digestive processes

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

Produces energy

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

Combines proteins with carbohydrates

Question 11

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Acts as a transportation system to move food and molecules with the cell

Question 12

Nucleus contains what?

Answer 12

DNA and nucleolus

Question 13

DNA controls what?

Answer 13

Cell function and cell division

Question 14

Types of cell division

Answer 14

Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 15

Stages of Mitosis

Answer 15

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 16

Interphase

Answer 16

Cell growth before mitosis, consists of 3 phases G1, S, G2

Question 17

Prophase

Answer 17

Nucleus enlarges

Question 18

Metaphase

Answer 18

Nucleus enlogates

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

two complete sets of chromosomes

Question 20

Telophase

Answer 20

Separates the two set of genetic material, division complete, 46 chromosomes in each new somatic cell

Question 21

Meiosis

Answer 21

Cell division of sperm or ovum that halves the number of chromosomes in each cell

Question 22

Mitosis

Answer 22

Somatic Cell

Question 23

As LET of radiation increases, so does what?

Answer 23

biological damage (RBE)

Question 24

Reproductive cell exposure may result in changes called what?

Answer 24

Mutations which may be passed down to the next generation

Question 25

Why does most radiation pass through the body without interacting?

Answer 25

Atoms are composed mainly of empty space

Question 26

Direct effect

Answer 26

Occurs when radiation transfers it energy directly to DNA or RNA

Question 27

Possible results of direct effect

Answer 27

No effect (most common), disruption of chemical bonds, cell death, cell line death(dead tissue/organs, faulty information passed on to next cell division (mutations, cancer, etc)

Question 28

Possible results of indirect effect

Answer 28

No effect (most common, formation of free radicals, formation of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Question 29

Free Radicals

Answer 29

Highly reactive ions that have an unpaired electron in the outer shell

Question 30

How can free radicals cause biological damage?

Answer 30

By transferring their excess energy to surrounding molecules or disrupting chemical reactions

Question 31

Which is more common: Indirect effect or direct effect?

Answer 31

Indirect; water is the largest constituent of the cell which mean greater possibility of being struck by radiation

Question 32

Most damage to the body occurs as a result of what?

Answer 32

Indirect effect because most of the body is water, and free radicals are readily mobile in water

Question 33

Oxygen enhancement ration

Answer 33

If cells are more oxygenated, they are more susceptible to radiation damage

Question 34

Most radiosensitive blood cell in the body?

Answer 34

Lymphocytes

Question 35

Examples of early somatic effects of radiation (acute radiation syndrome)

Answer 35

Hematopoietic syndrome (decreases total number of all blood cells), GI syndrome (causes total disruption of GI tract and function), Central nervous system syndrome (causes central nervous system to fail) - All of these may result in death

Question 36

Examples of late somatic effects of radiation

Answer 36

Carcinogenesis, Catactogenesis, Embrologic effects, thyroid, shortening of life span