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nervous system > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is meningitis?

A

An infection of meninges

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2
Q

What are the characteristic features of meningitis?

A

Fever
Neck stiffness
Headache

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3
Q

What are other features of meningitis?

A

Photophobia
Nausea and vomiting
Cerebral dysfunction
Cranial nerve palsy
Seizures
Focal neurological deficits
Petechial skin rash

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4
Q

What investigations are done for meningitis?

A

Blood cultures- bacteriaemia
Lumbar puncture
No need for imaging if no contraindications to LP

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5
Q

What are the bacterial causes of meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Strep. pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
E.coli

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6
Q

What are the CSF findings in bacterial meningitis?

A

Increased opening pressure
Neutrophil count
Reduced glucose
High protein

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7
Q

What are the viral causes of meningitis?

A

Enterovirus
Varicella zoster
Influenza
Mumps
Herpes simplex
HIV

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8
Q

What are the CSF findings of viral meningitis?

A

Normal/increased opening pressure
Lymphocyte count
Normal glucose
Slightly increased protein

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9
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain itself

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10
Q

What are the clinical features of encephalitis?

A

Progressive headache
Fever
Progressive cerebral dysfunction
Seizures
Focal symptoms/signs
No photophobia or neck stiffness

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11
Q

What is more present in encephalitis than meningitis?

A

Neurological dysfunction
- Seizures
- Cranial nerve palsies
- Altered mental state

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12
Q

What are the types of brain abscess?

A

Brain abscess
Subdural empyema

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13
Q

What are the clinical features of cerebral abscess?

A

Fever
Headache
Focal symptoms: seizures, dysphasia, hemiparesis
Signs of raised ICP: papilledema, depressed conscious level

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14
Q

What is the management of cerebral abscess?

A

Surgical drainage
Penicillin
Metronidazole for anaerobes

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15
Q

What spirochete causes lyme disease?

A

Borrelia burdoferi

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16
Q

What is stage 1 Lyme disease?

A

Early localised infection
Erythema migrains
Flu like symptoms: fatigue, myalgia, headache, neck stiffness, fever, chills

17
Q

What is stage 2 Lyme disease?

A

Early disseminated infection
Musculoskeletal and neurological involvement:
- Mononeuropathy
- Mononeuritis multiplex
- Painful radiculoneuropathy- most common
- Cranial neuropathy
- Myelitis
- Meningo-encephlitis

18
Q

What is stage 3 Lyme disease?

A

Chronic infection
MS and neurological involvement

19
Q

What is the treatment of Lyme disease?

A

Prolonged antibiotics

20
Q

What are the features of poliomyelitis?

A

Enterovirus
Asymptomatic 99%
Anterior horn cell of LMNs -? asymmetrical flaccid paralysis
No sensory

21
Q

What are the features of rabies?

A

Virus enters peripheral nerves and migrates to CNS
Paraesthesia at site of lesion
Ascending paralysis and encephalitis

22
Q

What are the features of tetanus?

A

Infection with clostridium tetani
Toxins act at NMJ
Rigidity and spasm

23
Q

What are the features of botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum
Neurotoxin that blocks ACh release at synapses
Pure motor
Descending symmetrical flaccid paralysis

24
Q

What are examples of post infective inflammatory syndromes?

A

CNS- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
PNS- Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS)

25
Q

What is ADEM?

A

A brief but widespread attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord that damages myelin following viral or bacterial infection

26
Q

What is GBS?

A

A disorder of the peripheral nerves, often preceded by a virus infection

27
Q

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

A

Fatal disease caused by an abnormal infectious protein called a prion. These prions accumulate at high levels in the brain and cause irreversible damage to nerve cells.

28
Q

What are the types of CJD?

A

Sporadic CJD
Variant CJD
Familial or inherited CJD
Iatrogenic CJD

29
Q

What is sporadic CJD?

A

Most common type
Rapidly progressive dementia

30
Q

What are the symptoms of CJD?

A

Loss of intellect and memory
Changes in personality
Loss of balance and coordination
Slurred speech
Vision problems and blindness
Abnormal jerking movement

nervous system (18 decks)

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