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Foundations > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A

Assimilation of molecules and complex structures from the building blocks of life

Requires energy

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1
Q

Anabolism

A

Assimilation of molecules and complex structures from the building blocks of life

Requires energy

Endergonic and reductive

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules to obtain the anabolic building blocks of life and substrates for energy

Breakdown of molecules to yield energy

Exergonic and oxidative

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3
Q

Metabolism is about…

A

balance between anabolic and catabolic pathways

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4
Q

Glucose is the most important …

A

Carbohydrate

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5
Q

Glucose is our … energy source

A

primary

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6
Q

Some cell types require glucose as an energy source …

A

Erythrocytes
retina
renal medulla
brain
all cancer cells

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7
Q

Glucose has how many carbons

A

6

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8
Q

What is glucose used for?

A

Oxidation through aerobic glycolysis to produce pyruvate (efficient ATP production)

Fermentation by anaerobic glycolysis to produce lactate (rapid, inefficient ATP production)

Oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway to produce ribose -5 - phosphate (precursor for nucleotide and DNA repair, essential for growth)

Storage (glycogen, starch, sucrose, conversion to lipids)

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9
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The initial pathway for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate

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10
Q

Glycolysis : per glucose, what is the net gain of ATP

A

2

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11
Q

How is glucose transported into cells

A

Via Na+ glucose symporters

Via passive facilitated diffusion glucose transporters

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12
Q

Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT 1)

A

Found in brain

Low Km

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13
Q

GLUT 2

A

Found in liver

High Km

Insulin independent

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14
Q

GLUT 3

A

Found in brain

Low Km

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15
Q

GLUT 4

A

Found in muscle and adipose tissue

Insulin - dependent

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16
Q

GLUT 5

A

Found in gut

Involved in fructose transport

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose to give fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - requires phosphofructokinase
  2. Two interconvertible three carbon molecules are formed
  3. Generation of ATP through the oxidation of the 3C molecules
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18
Q

What are the 3 control points of glycolysis

A

Hexokinase (substrate entry)

Phosphofructokinase (rate of flow)

Pyruvate kinase (product exit)

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19
Q

When does anaerobic metabolism occur

A

lack of oxygen

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20
Q

Tell me about anaerobic metabolism

A

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate can act as a hydrogen acceptor, taking hydrogen ions from NADH

Pyruvate is converted into lactate and NAD is regenerated

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21
Q

What is the warburg effect

A

Up-regulation of anaerobic glycolysis in cancer cells

Cancer cells have a low Km hexokinase

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22
Q

What are the advantages of warburg effect

A

Rapid energy production

Supports other pathways for nucleotide synthesis (needed for growth)

Supports rapid cell growth

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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Warburg effect

A

Produces H+ and lactate as end products

Very inefficient ATP synthesis

High glucose consumption demand

Cancer patients lose weight

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24
Q

Can cancer be treated by targeting glycolysis?

A

Yes!

patients given enzymes which act around control points

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25
Q

GET ANSWERS FOR STUDY QUESTIONS AND MAKE CARDS OUT OF THEM

A
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26
Q

What does glycolysis reduce NAD+ to

A

NADH and H+

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27
Q

Where does NADH deliver electrons to

A

the respiratory chain

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28
Q

What are 3 names for the same process

A

citric acid cycle

krebs cycle

tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle

29
Q

Where does the TCA occur

A

In the mitochondria

30
Q

Where are the enzymes of the TCA located

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

However succinate dehydrogenase is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane

31
Q

Stage 1 of TCA cycle - how does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix

A

H+/pyruvate symport by facilitated diffusion

32
Q

Stage 2 of TCA cycle - how is pyruvate metabolised to Acetyl -CoA

A

Catalysed by PDC

Allosterically converted by phosphorylation

Produces 1 CO2

Reaction is irreversible

33
Q

Tell me the basic stages of the TCA cycle

A

pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix

It is then converted into acetyle -coA

C2 (acetyl-coA) condenses with C4 (Oxeloacetate) to give C6 (citrated)

C6 is decarboxylated twice, yielding 2x CO2

Four oxidation reactions yield NADH+, H+ and FADH2

One GTP is formed (energy)

C4 recreated

34
Q

Each turn of the TCA cycle results in the transfer of how many pairs of electrons to NAD+ to form NADH and H+

A

3

35
Q

How many pairs of electrons to reduce FAD to FADH2

A

1

36
Q

From each molecule of glucose, the net yield is …

A

ATP : 6-2=4
NADH : 10
H+ : 10
FADH2 : 2
CO2 : 6

37
Q

Where is PDH enzyme located (for PDCD)

A

On the X chromosome

Offspring :

XX = survivable, adolescent
XY = lethal, still born

38
Q

What are electrons from NADH and FADH2 used for

A

To reduce O2 and H2O

39
Q

Does the pH increase or decrease in the intermembrane space, and increase or decrease in the matrix

A

decreases in intermembrane space and increases in the matrix

40
Q

What is the energy from proton flow used for

A

to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

41
Q

What is phosphoryl transfer potential

A

free energy change during ATP hydrolysis

42
Q

What is electron transfer potential

A

measured by redox potential of a compound (E’0) - how readily it donates electrons

43
Q

glycogen synthesis and the process of synthesising glucose from precursors is not glycolysis in reverse due to rate limitants

A

learn :)

44
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

45
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

46
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

de novo synthesis of glucose from metabolic precursors (lactate, amino acids, glycerol)

47
Q

What is glycogen

A

main storage form of glucose in liver and muscle cells

48
Q

What is the organ responsible for maintaining glucose homeostasis

A

liver

49
Q

Tell me about liver glycogen

A

broken down between meals and released to maintain blood glucose levels for red blood cells and brain

50
Q

Tell me about muscle glycogen

A

not available for maintenance of blood glucose levels
provides energy via glycolysis and the TCA during bursts of physical activity

51
Q

What causes glycogenolysis to fluctuate

A

meal times

52
Q

Glycogen is a ……. consisting of ….. …….. joined by …………….

branches are introduced by ……………………

A

polymer, glucose molecules, a 1-4 glycosidic links

a 1-6 glycosidic links

53
Q

What can glucose residues only be added to

A

an existing glycogen chain

54
Q

what is the activated precursor for glycogen synthesis

A

glucose - 1 - phosphate

55
Q

who does glycogen storage diseases affect

A

newborn children

56
Q

start on slide 10

A

i give up today

57
Q

increased fat intake without appropriate energy expenditure leads to

A

increase in numbers of adipocyte
more fat in adipocytes
obesity

58
Q

Control of energy balance depends on

A

genetically linked factor
environmental factors

59
Q

For is fat required for

A

an energy source, for essential fatty acids, for fat-soluble vitamins

60
Q

tell me about essential fatty acids

A

some polyunsaturated fatty acids can not be made by the body

deficiencies can lead to membrane disorders, increased skin permeability, mitochondrial damage

61
Q

tell me about fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A,D,E,K
absorption of these vitamins is closely linked to that fat
stored in the body

62
Q

what can occur if fat intake or absorption is inadequate

A

secondary deficiencies

63
Q

what are lipids

A

collection of different compounds such as …

simple lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, waxes)
compound lipids (phospho-. glyco-lipids, lipoprotein)
steroids (cholesterol, steroid hormones)

64
Q

Structure of lipids

A

predominantly hydrocarbon
usually contain long chain fatty acids
insoluble in water

65
Q

what are lipids important for

A

their biological funcitn

66
Q

triglycerides =

A

triaclglycerols

67
Q

tell me about triglycerides

A

main energy storage form in adipose tissue
compact - don’t require concomitant storage of water
hydrophobic
high energy yield per gram

68
Q

structure of triglycerides

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

69
Q

fatty acids are mainly…

A

straight chains

70
Q

do fatty acids have rings

A

no

71
Q

pick up at slide 10 again

A

i tried

Foundations (10 decks)

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