Neurology

Question 1

What is Brocas area and where is it located

Answer 1

Controls the muscles of speech

In the parietal lobe

Question 2

What is Wernicke’s area and where is it located

Answer 2

Wernicke’s area controls written and spoken language comprehension

Located in the temporal/parietal lobe

Question 3

From what layer of embryo tissue is the neural tube formed

Answer 3

Ectoderm

Question 4

What week gestation does the neural tube fuse

Answer 4

4th week

Question 5

What structures make up the diencephalon

Answer 5

hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 6

What structure(s) make up the telencephalon

Answer 6

Cerebellar hemisphere

Question 7

What structures originate from the prosencephalon

Answer 7

Cerebellar hemisphere, Hypothalamus, Thalamus

Question 8

From what primitive structure does the midbrain come from

Answer 8

Mesencephalon

Question 9

What structures does the Rhombencephalon create

Answer 9

Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla

Question 10

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the midbrain. What information do they sent and via what structures

Answer 10

Inferior colliculi: sends information to the auditory cortex via the medical geniculate nucleus

Superior colliculi: sends information to the visual cortex via the lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 11

Describe the lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 11

• 1st order neuron originates in the motor cortex and travels down via the internal capsule to the crus cerebri in the midbrain
• Then travels pyramids of the medulla
• CROSSES AT THE MEDULLA
  -Then travels down the spinal cord in the LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
• Synapses with the 2nd order neuron on the ventral horn of the spinal cord
• The second order neuron (lower motor neuron) then travels out via the ventral root and synapses with the skeletal muscle at the neuromuscular junction.
• The first neuron is the upper motor neuron. The second neuron is the lower motor neuron.

25% of fibres travel via the anterior tract- do not desiccate in the medulla and instead cross at the level of the spinal cord

Question 12

Describe the pathway that controls fine touch/vibration

Answer 12

• First order neurons originate in the periphery and enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion
• They then ascend in the spinal cord in the 2 pyramids- the Fasciculus cunealis and the fasiculus gracilis.
  -Fasiculus cuneatus transports upper limb signals (T6 and above) and fasiculus gracilis (located medically) carries signals from the lower limb
  -1st order neurons travel to the medulla with 2nd order neurone in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cunealis.
  -2nd order neurons decussate in the medulla to the thalamus via the medial lemiscus
  -2nd order neurons synapse with 3rd order neurons in the ventroposteriorlateral/ medial nuclei of the thalamus
  -3rd order neurons then travel to the somatosensory cortex

Question 13

Describe the pathway for pain and temperature

Answer 13

-1st order neuron originates in the sensory area of the periphery. It enters via the dorsal root and synapses in the dorsal horn with the second order neuron
-The second order neuron decussates in the spinal cord then ascends via the anterior and lateral spinothalmic tract
-In the thalamus, 2nd order neurons they synapse with a third order neurons.
-Third order neuron travels from the thalamus to the internal capsule to the cortex