Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2C week 1 - acute coronary syndrome > functional histology of CVS > Flashcards

functional histology of CVS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the principal function of the cardiovascular system (5)

A

1.mediates continuous movement of all body fluids
2. transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
3. transports carbon dioxide and other metabolic water products from tissue
4. involved in temperature regulation
5. distribution of molecules (hormones) and immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the the two components of the circulatory system

A

blood vascular system; lymph vascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are capillaries

A

a complex network of thin tubules where the interchange between blood and tissues takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tunica intima composition

A

a single layer of extremely flattened epithelial cells (the endothelium); supported by a subendothelial basement membrane (vessels >1mm) and delicate collagenous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tunica media composition and function

A

smooth muscle and elastic fibres, regulated by the sympathetic nervous system; controls vasoconstriction/dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tunica externa composition

A

collagen fibres that protect and reinforce vessels; vasa vasorum in larger vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the vasa vasorum ?

A

a specialized microvasculature that play a major role in normal vessel wall biology and pathology - a vascular network (arterioles, capillaries, venules) that supplies the walls of large blood vessels; provides metabolites to the externa/outer media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functions of the endothelium (3)

A
  1. acts as a selective permeable antithrombotic barrier
  2. determines when/where WBCs leave the circulation for interstitial space of tissue
  3. secretes paracrine factors for vessel dilation, constriction and growth of adjacent cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what arteries are large elastic arteries (6)

A

aorta and its large branches (innominate, subclavian, common carotid, iliac); pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

large elastic arteries (LEA) structure and how it helps function

A

tunica media elastic fibres allows expansion with systole and recoil during diastole,
thereby propelling blood forward; Alternating perforated layers of elastic laminae; High elastic fibres within artery wall ensures continuous UNIFORM blood flow; During systole blood is pushed through artery as media expands; Elastic recoil of vascular wall propels blood through distal vessels during diastole (maintaining blood flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

elastic conducting arteries structure and function

A

large lumen which allows low-resistance conduction of blood and acts as a conduit; contains elastin in all 3 tunics; withstands and smooths out large BP fluctuations; allows continuous flow of blood through body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

muscular arteries structure and function

A

intima consists of an endothelial lining and small amount of connective tissue; well developed internal elastic lamina separates the tunica intima from the media; thicker tunica media (than other similar sized vessels), narrower lumen and thickened elastic laminae; more smooth muscle than LEAs which allows for vasoconstriction/dilation; external lamina lies between the tunica media and externa; tunica externa composed of collagen, elastic fibres and vasa vasorum; diameter changes to regulate flow to organs as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

examples of muscular arteries

A

coronary; renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

key structural feature of muscular artery (4)

A

intima has an internal elastic membrane; thick tunica media in proportion to lumen; elastic fibres generally in intima/externa; external elastic membrane in some t.externa layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

key structural features of elastic arteries

A

media has alternating layers of smooth muscles and elastic fibres; t.externa has collagen, elastic fibres and fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

structure of small arteries/arterioles

A

tunica intima - endothelium + basement membrane; thin subendothelial connective tissue; internal elastic lamina (small arteries only)
tunica media - between 3-8 layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle in small arteries (1/2 in aterioles); some collagen, elastic fibres and ground substance (little in arterioles)
tunica externa - thin layer of connective tissue that blends with the surrounding connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of small arteries/arterioles

A

to regulate blood distribution to tissues/organs; modulation of blood flow and pressure by changing lumen size - pressure and velocity of blood flow are both sharply reduced making the flow steady rather than pulsitile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

main role of arterioles

A

control point for regulation of physiological resistance to blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fluid flow resistance equation and what it indicates

A

R ∝ 1/(d^4); i.e. small changes in the anteriolar lumen size has profound flow limiting effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

structure and function of capillaries

A

lumen just big enough for single erythrocytes; composed of a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane; nutrient/waste exchange in tissues - some have more specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 types of capillaries and where they are found

A

continuous - muscle, lungs, CNS
fenestrated - endocrine glands, sites of metabolic/fluid absorption e.g. kidney
discontinuous/sinusoidal - liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue

22
Q

structure of skin/muscle continuous capillaries (3)

A

endothelial cells provide an uninterrupted lining; cells held together with tight junctions; intracellular clefts of un-joined membranes allow the passage of fluids

23
Q

structure of brain continuous capillaries

A

make up the blood-brain barrier; have tight junctions completely around the endothelium (no intercellular clefts or un-joined membranes)

24
Q

structure of fenestrated capillaries

A

endothelium riddled with pores (fenestrations); greater permeability to solutes/fluids than other capillaries; found wherever active capillary absorption/filtrate formation occurs

25
Q

structure of sinusoid capillaries

A

highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens; endothelial cells form a discontinuous layer with wide spaces between them; multiple fenestrations without diaphragms; basal lamina is discontinuous; large molecules can pass between blood and surrounding tissue

26
Q

vein classifications (3)

A

venules; medium sized veins; large veins

27
Q

venule structure

A

endothelial layer backed by basal lamina (may have pericytes); may be supported by a thin layer of smooth muscle; large lumen compared to wall

28
Q

capillaries -> muscular venules

A

gradual transition: capillary -> postcapillary venule -> converge into larger collecting venules (have contractile cells and recognisable tunica media) -> muscular venules (media composed of 2/3 layers of smooth muscles)

29
Q

what occurs in post capillary venules

A

the primary site at which white blood cells leave the circulation at site of infection or tissue damage

30
Q

how is blood pushed through the veins

A

by the contraction of the tunica media and external compressions from surrounding muscles and other organs

30
Q

how is blood pushed through the veins

A

by the contraction of the tunica media and external compressions from surrounding muscles and other organs

30
Q

how is blood pushed through the veins

A

by the contraction of the tunica media and external compressions from surrounding muscles and other organs

31
Q

structure of veins

A

tunica intima - thin subendothelial layer, folded to form valves = no internal elastic lamina= prevent back
flow of blood
tunica media - small bundles of smooth muscle cells intermixed with reticular and elastic fibres
tunica externa - collagenous

32
Q

large veins tunica externa structure

A

tick; frequently contrains longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle; elastic fibres but not laminae like in arteries

33
Q

special features of veins

A

contain valves (most prominent in legs where blood has to travel against gravity); muscular contraction (aids the return of blood to the heart)

34
Q

arteries vs veins

A

artery - narrow lumen, thicker tunica media, intima separated by internal elastic lamina
vein - larger lumen, tunica externa is thickest, tunica intima is folded to form valves

35
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

endocardium; myocardium; pericardium

36
Q

what hormone is produced by the heart and what does it do

A

atrial natriuretic factor; secreted in relation to atrial stress, acts on the kidney to increase sodium excretion and GFR, to antagonize renal vasoconstriction, and to inhibit renin secretion

37
Q

what is the fibrous skeleton and its function

A

the fibrous central region of the heart; serves as the base of the valves and the site of origin/insertion of the cardiac muscles; it acts as an insulator between the atria and ventricles (insulating AV septum)

38
Q

structure of fibrous skeleton

A

dense connective tissue rings surround the valves of the heart, fuse and merge with the intraventricular septum; sinospiral and bulbospinal muscles; plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles

39
Q

why is the insulation of the fibrous heart skeleton essential

A

allows for the delay of impulse conduction between atria and ventricles as well as for the upward contraction through the ventricles; ensures muscle impulses are not spread randomly throughout

40
Q

endocardium structure

A

homologous with the intima of blood vessels - single layer of endothelial cells resting on a subendothelial layer (a layer of loose connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibres with some smooth muscle)

41
Q

subendocardial layer structure

A

a layer of connective tissue which attaches the subendothelila layer to the myocardium; contains veins, nerves and branches of the impulse conducting system (Purkinje fibres)

42
Q

myocardium structure

A

the thickest of the heart tunics; cardiac muscle cells arranged in layers that surround the heart chambers in a complex spiral

43
Q

epicardium structure

A

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) supported by a thin layer of connective tissue; serous membrane (visceral pericardium)

44
Q

what is the parietal pericardium

A

the serous membrane that forms the outer wall of the pericardial cavity - forms the pericardial sac alongside a dense fibrous sac

45
Q

subepicardial layer structure

A

loose connective tissue which contains veins, nerves and nerve ganglia + adipose tissue that surrounds the heart

46
Q

5 elements of the cardiac conduction system

A
  1. SAN (pacemaker)
  2. AVN (gatekeeper)
  3. bundle of His
  4. left and right bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibres
47
Q

what does the bundle of His split into

A

left and right bundle branches

48
Q

lymphatic vascular system

A

lymphatic capillaries -> closed ended tubules -> anastomose to form vessels of increasing size -> terminate in the blood vascular system -> empty in large veins near the heart

2C week 1 - acute coronary syndrome (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions