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Science Y9 > C3.1 - New Technology > Flashcards

C3.1 - New Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What are nanoparticles?

A

Nanoparticles are tiny particles.

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2
Q

How large are nanoparticles?

A

1 to 100nm (nanometers)

one nm is one billionth of a meter

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3
Q

What are some items that use nanoparticles?

A
  • Bandages
  • Bullet-proof vests
  • Materials that catch carbon dioxide
  • Sunscreen
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4
Q

Why do substances have different properties when they exist as nanoparticles rather than normal sized pieces?

A

Nanoparticles have different properties because they have a larger surface area. Optional: They also obey quantum mechanics hence they are so small that Newtonian physics does not apply to them.

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5
Q

What is a carbon nanotube?

A

Carbon nanotubes are cylinders built of carbon atoms. The diameter of a carbon nanotube is roughly 1nm. Their walls are usually just one atom thick. They can be used as antennas for radios.

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6
Q

What are some properties of carbon nanotubes?

A
  • very low density (little mass for its volume)
  • extremley strong
  • excellent heat conductors (great at allowing heat to transfer through it)
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7
Q

What are some uses of carbon nanotubes?

A
  • strengthening tennis racquets
  • strengthening bicycle parts
  • lightweight bulletproof vests
  • administering cancer drugs
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8
Q

What is a nanoparticle coating?

A

A nanoparticle coating is a layer of nanoparticle polymers that prevent liquids from damaging an item. This happens because the liquid particles are larger than the nanoparticle coating so they cannot travel through it.

polymer - a long strand of molecules

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9
Q

What is a use of nanoparticle coating?

A
  • on fabrics to prevent them becoming wet
  • to protect technology like phones
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10
Q

How do nanoparticles in bandages work?

A
  1. The nanoparticles are arranged in spheres inside the bangdages.
  2. Antibiotics and dyes are found inside these spheres.
  3. If there is harmful bacteria in the wound the bandage is applied on, poisons created from the bacteria break the outer layer of the sphere
  4. This causes a dye to be released
  5. Then antibiotics are released into the wound
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11
Q

What is nanomedicine?

A

It is the use of nanoparticles to treat disease.

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12
Q

What are 2 advantage of using nanoparticles in bandages?

A
  • They can detect and treat infections almost immediately
  • Patients can keep on bandages which speed up healing

in short: detect and treat

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13
Q

How are nanoparticles used to help cure cancer?

A
  1. Nanoparticles, which are wrapped in a special type of protien (protein-based nanoparticle), contain cancer drugs inside them.
  2. These are administered into the body through carbon nanotubes.
  3. These nanoparticles travel through the body until a cancer cell is reached.
  4. The cancer cell absorbs the protein-based nanoparticle.
  5. Cancer drugs are then released when inside the cancer cell.
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14
Q

Why is the process of administering cancer drugs using nanoparticles useful?

A

It is useful because the drug only is absorbed by cancer cells which reduces side effects. The process also does not waste any medicine.

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15
Q

How are nanoparticles used to treat tumors?

A

Magnetic nanoparticles (e.g. iron oxide) are injected into the tumor. A magnetic field is then activated near the tumor which will keep on changing directions. This warms the area which means the tumor will die because tumors will die when body temperature rises by 5°C.

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16
Q

What nanoparticle is used in sunscreen?

A

zinc oxide

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17
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are compounds only containing Hydrogen and Carbon.

example: octane (C8H18)

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18
Q

What is combustion?

A

It is a chemical reaction where a fuel reacts with oxygen to give heat.

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19
Q

Octane is a hydrocarbon used in many fuels. What are the products of octane and oxygen in a combustion reaction?

A

octane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

reactants → products

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20
Q

What is a particulate?

A

It is a tiny particle around 100nm.

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21
Q

Name 3 heart problems caused by diesel particulates

A

Chest infections, heart attacks and asthma will become more common and worse

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22
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide emmisions come from cars?

A

13%

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23
Q

How can nitrogen dioxide hurt people and the environment?

A

Nitrogen can make asthma worse. It also dissolves in rainwater which makes an acidic solution. This causes acid rain which can damage trees, lake life and even limestone buildings.

24
Q

What is the definition of non-renewable?

A

When a resource is used faster than it can be replaced.

e.g. any fossil fuel

25
Q

What is carbon neutral?

A

Carbon neutral is when the emission of carbon dioxide and the removal of it is balanced. There is no change of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

26
Q

Hydrogen can be used in two ways in cars, what are these two ways?

A
  1. Hydrogen can be burnt instead of petrol/diesel
  2. Hydrogen flows into a hydrogen fuel cell which reacts with oxygen in the air (not combustion) which creates electricity.
27
Q

What is an advantage of hydrogen fuel?

A

It does not create any harmful waste products. It only creates water.

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

28
Q

What are some disadvantages of hydrogen fuel?

A
  • It can be difficult to store as mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen are explosive.
  • There are very few filling stations
29
Q

Is hydrogen found naturally on earth?

30
Q

What is biofuel?

A

Biofuels are fuels that are produced from plant materials or animal waste

e.g. grass, leaves, maize, sugar cane

31
Q

How is maize and sugar cane used as a biofuel?

maize - like corn

A

Ethanol is extracted from the maize and the sugar cane which is cut down. This ethanol can then be used as a fuel.

32
Q

What is a catalytic converter?

A

A catalytic converter converts harmful gases into less harmful ones.

found in cars

33
Q

What are some reactions that take place in a catalytic converter?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
nitrogen monoxide → nitrogen + oxygen
carbon monoxide + oxygen→ carbon dioxide

any oxidation reactions

34
Q

What are the main elements in a biofuel?

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

35
Q

What is inside of a catalytic converter?

A

A ceramic honeycomb structure where reactions take place. This has a large surface area so more reactions can take place.

36
Q

What are some catalysts that can be used in a catalytic converter?

catalyst - speeds up reactions

A

platinum, rhodium or palladium

these can be found in the ceramic honeycomb

37
Q

What compound does a catalytic converter remove and by what reaction?

A

It removes carbon compounds through an oxidation reaction

38
Q

Rhodium is used in catalytic converters, how much is extracted from rock each year?

A

16 tonnes

39
Q

What is the definition of hybrid?

A

Hybrid - a cross between two or more different things, it has the features of the original things

40
Q

What is a hybrid electric car?

A

It is a vehicle which uses both fossil fuel and electricity.

41
Q

What is inside of a hybrid electric car?

A

A combustion engine and a recharable battery

42
Q

What are the advantages of a hybrid electric car?

A
  • lower and cleaner emissions
  • possible tax reductions
  • less petrol used
  • quick to refuel
43
Q

What are the disadvantages of a hybrid electric car?

A
  • costs more than an ordinary car
  • not much change in emissions if the driver cannot adapt to the right driving style
  • not fully clean emissions like electric
  • ethical issues - 90% of cobalt (used in car batteries) is sourced from child labour mines
  • nickel in batteries may cause cancer
44
Q

There are two types of hybrid cars, what are they?

A

parallel hybrid and series hybrid

45
Q

What is the difference between a parallel hybrid and a series hybrid?

A

parallel hybrid - can turn the transmission using both battery and engine at the same time
series hybrid - one power source works at a time (engine and batter) which turns the transmission

transmission - wheels

46
Q

What is soot?

A

It is carbon particulates

47
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

When fuels are burnt fully in oxygen

48
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When fuels are only partially burnt in oxygen

49
Q

What is smog?

A

Smog is mixture of air pollutants and particulates found in the lower atmosphere.

50
Q

What are some pollutants in air?

A
  • carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • sulpher dioxide (SO2)
  • nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
  • methane (CH4)
  • nitrogen monoxide (NO)
  • carbon monoxide (CO)
  • carbon particulates
51
Q

What is the word equation for a combustion reaction with a hydrocarbon?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

52
Q

How is acid rain caused?

A

When nitrogen dioxide is mixed with water particles in the atmosphere.

53
Q

What are biofuels’ products when burnt?

A

carbon dioxide and water

reactants → products

54
Q

What are independent, dependent and control variables in an experiment?

A
  • independent - variable that is altered
  • dependent - variable being measured or tested
  • control - variable that stays the same throughout the experiment
55
Q

advanced:

Balance a combustion reaction with octane and add state symbols

A

2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (g) → 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)

never change the subscript (small) numbers which come after the element

56
Q

How did scientists test the safety of zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen?

A

Two different types of sunscreen were used in the investigation: with zinc oxide particles (sunscreen A) and with zinc oxide nanoparticles (sunscreen B)
1) Scientists gathered volunteers
2) Concentration of zinc in the volunteers blood and urine was measured
3) Half the volunteers applied sunscreen A twice a day and half applied sunscreen B twice a day.
4) After a few days, the scientists measured the ammount of zinc in the volunteers blood and urine
5) This data was then compared to the data from the first zinc test

57
Q

What are the products of a combustion engine?

A

water - H2O
carbon dixoide - CO2
carbon monoxide - CO
carbon particulates
nitrogen oxides - NOx
sulpher dioxide - SO2
sulpher monoxide - SO

Science Y9 (5 decks)

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