module 8

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

refers to both the structures and processes involved in both the storage and retrieval of information. Not to be confused with “a memory,” which typically refers to our recollection of a specific event.

Question 2

search metaphor

Answer 2

A way of describing the processes involved in memory using terms and phrases that relate them to looking around in physical or virtual space.

Question 3

failure of search

Answer 3

The way that an inability to remember something is often described.

Question 4

reconstruction metaphor

Answer 4

A reconstruction metaphor for memory describes how we primarily use memory to cobble together a useful response using both what we know and the situation around us.

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

The process of how information is initially learned.

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

The process of maintaining information about an event over time (whether short or long).

Question 7

storage problem

Answer 7

The problem the brain must solve to maintain information in the brain over time, whether short or long.

Question 8

encoding problem

Answer 8

The problem the brain must solve to transform an experience into a memory.

Question 9

iconic memory vs echoic memory

Answer 9

visual memory auditory memory

Question 10

immediate memory/short term/working memory

Answer 10

A system that actively holds on to a limited amount of information so that it can be manipulated and processed.

Question 11

What are three main components of memory

Answer 11

representation, duration, capacity

Question 12

representation

Answer 12

The kind of information a memory system contains. Often, this is described in terms of how the information is represented or “coded.”

Question 13

inner voice

Answer 13

The mental experience of hearing yourself talk “in your head.” The inner voice is taken as evidence for verbal representation in immediate memory.

Question 14

inner eye

Answer 14

The mental experience of seeing something using your imagination. The inner eye is taken as evidence for visual representation in immediate memory.

Question 15

how many items can be kept in your memory span

Answer 15

5-9

Question 16

how many items can be kept in your memory span

Answer 16

5-9

Question 17

memory span

Answer 17

The number of items that can be kept active in immediate memory at one time.

Question 18

working memory model

Answer 18

A model of immediate memory that emphasizes its role as a system for manipulating information in consciousness.

Question 19

episodic memories

Answer 19

memories who’s content pertains to specific event

Question 20

semantic memories

Answer 20

Memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience.

Question 21

elaborative rehearsal T

Answer 21

The process of actively manipulating information in immediate memory to meaningfully connect it to other information already stored in long-term memory.

Question 22

deep processing

Answer 22

Encoding new information through making meaningful connections to existing knowledge.

Question 23

shallow processing

Answer 23

Encoding information based only on its surface characteristics.

Question 24

massed practice

Answer 24

term for repeated exposure to or study of to-be-remembered information over a very short period of time or without gaps between repetitions.

Question 25

spacing effect

Answer 25

The observation that learning is most robust when repeated exposure to or study of to-be-remembered material occurs over a longer timeframe.

Question 26

explicit memory

Answer 26

Remembering that occurs consciously and with intent.

Question 27

implicit memory

Answer 27

Remembering that occurs without conscious realization or intent.