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Maos China Unit 1 > Lesson 4- Mass Campaigns And Repression: How Effectively Did The Communist Party Deal With Opposition? > Flashcards

Lesson 4- Mass Campaigns And Repression: How Effectively Did The Communist Party Deal With Opposition? Flashcards

1
Q

Between what years we’re the anti-movements?

A

1951-2

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2
Q

What Was the reason for the anti-movements?

A

Tightening political control

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3
Q

When was the three anti-movements?

A

1951

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4
Q

What were the targets of the three anti-movements?

A

Waste
Corruption
Inefficiency

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5
Q

When were the five anti-movements?

A

1952

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6
Q

What was the purpose of the five anti-movements?

A

To stimulate the economy by attacking five factors

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7
Q

What were the five factors which were attacked to stimulate the economy?

A

Industrial sabotage
Tax evasion
Bribery
Fraud
Theft of government property

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8
Q

What were the Chinese people encouraged to do?

A

Expose all existing members of the GMD

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9
Q

What two things happened to existing members of the GMD?

A

Their property was seized
They were publicly denounced

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10
Q

What Was the main aim of the campaign?

A

The destruction of the remnants of the bureaucratic capitalist class who were engaged in reactionary or counter-revolutionary activities.

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11
Q

What were employees encouraged to do?

A

Denounced their managers and officials.

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12
Q

What happened to those who were accused by their employees?

A

They were investigated by party officials and and then if they were found guilty they had to give humiliating confessions.
They were then demoted from managers to probably janitors.

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13
Q

What were those who carried out denuciations known as?

A

Tiger-beaters

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14
Q

What were the people who were being denounced known as?

A

Tigers

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15
Q

Who was in charge of the anti-movements?

A

Bo Yibo

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16
Q

What were the anti-movements sparked after?

A

The arrest of the Zhang Zishan and Lui Quingshan over embezzling (stealing) large sums from the party.

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17
Q

In 1952 Bo Yibo bragged of hunting down how many tigers in East China?

A

100,000

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18
Q

What Was the bourgeoisie?

A

Equivalent to upper or middle class.

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19
Q

What did the five antis expand its focus to?

A

The bourgeoisie

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20
Q

Why were denunciation boxes made?

A

They were placed in work places so that denunciations could be made more readily.

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21
Q

What did Frank Dikotter state?

A

1 percent of victims were shot
Another 1 percent were sent to labour camps
3 percent were jailed for more than ten years
The rest were fined

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22
Q

The fines being so high caused what?

A

Drove many to suicide
Destroyed old business classes

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23
Q

In 1952 what did Mao define the bourgeoisie as?

A

Outcasts against whom the people’s army, the people’s police and the people’s courts would be mercilessly used.

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24
Q

What Was the vengeful atmosphere intensified by?

A

China’s involvement in the Korean War

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25
Q

what is a dangan?

A

Dossier held by party officials which held the details of every individual

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26
Q

What is a hukou?

A

A certificate which allowed you to gain accommodation

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27
Q

What is a danwei?

A

A certificate which gave you permission to gain employment

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28
Q

What was the Great Terror?

A

Violent attack against Attack against ‘anti-socials, counter-revolutionaries and imperialists’

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29
Q

What is a counter-revolutionary?

A

An individual who is deemed to be against the cause of the revolution

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30
Q

What are the three antis and five antis?

A

Campaigns involving attacks on managerial classes and class enemies. Involved denunciations and shaming by employees

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31
Q

What is a laogai?

A

Prison re-education camps

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32
Q

What was the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

A

Campaign from 1957 to gain criticisms from the party in order understand how well China had achieved its aims as a socialist state

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33
Q

What was the Anti-Rightists campaign?

A

Campaign of repression and purges following the criticisms of the Hundred Flowers Campaign

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34
Q

What happened within days of Mao coming to power?

A

police groups were sent to root out potential nationalist sympathisers

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35
Q

How was police groups being sent to root out potential nationalist sympathisers made easier?

A

by the expansion of the household registration system that was introduced by the GMD.

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36
Q

What was every employed worker assigned?

A

a danwei(work unit)

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37
Q

What was allocated through a danwei?

A

housing, food and clothing

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38
Q

who was in charge of food rations?

A

The cadres in charge of danwei

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39
Q

What was every individual given?

A

A label that specified their position in society

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40
Q

How did the labels specifying the position of someone in society help the CCP?

A

Using this help the CCP were able to go beyond just targeting GMD groups and began to target others within society

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41
Q

What did most educated people take up the opportunity to attend?

A

‘re-education’ classes and libraries that sprang up in workplaces to give the impression that they are conforming

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42
Q

Who were the key individuals targeted in the crackdown on crime?

A

the police were ordered to clean up cities by removing a wide range of criminals and nuisances ·
Beggars and prostitutes were also targeted

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43
Q

Why did those who were sent to laogais come back?

A

the camps soon became full

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44
Q

What did the Laogais help the CCP do?

A

to tackle the problems of criminal gangs and triads that had been notorious for their influence on underworld crime

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45
Q

What were the political purges accompanied by a series of mass campaigns aimed at?

A

Extending the CCP’s authority over the people of China

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46
Q

Who was the Great Terror an attack against?

A

Anti-socials, counter-revolutionaries and imperialists
Catch anyone who disapproved of the CCP

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47
Q

In the 1950’s what was Shanghai known for?

A

Mass terror and its underground gangs.

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48
Q

In the 1950’s, in Shanghai, what did the CCP turn into?

A

A violent bloodletting

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49
Q

How many bandits and criminals were rounded up?

A

130, 000

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50
Q

How many of the 130, 000 bandits and criminals were executed?

A

Over half

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51
Q

What did the similar process of executing bandits and criminals lead to in Shanghai?

A

A death toll of 28, 000

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52
Q

Why did the great terror allow certain individuals to do?

A

Run the campaign

53
Q

Who was Tao Zhu?

A

known as the tank due to his ruthless reputation

54
Q

What did Tao Zhu do in the Great Terror?

A

was dispatched to orchestrate the clampdown in Guangxi province of the Vietnam border

55
Q

What was needed in the Guangxi province of the Vietnam border?

A

Brutal crackdown was needed here against nationalist sympathisers

56
Q

How many nationalist sympathisers were killed at the Guangxi province of the Vietnam border?

A

over 46, 000

57
Q

Who was Lui Ruiquing?

A

head of security in Beijing

58
Q

What was Lui Ruiquing responsible for?

A

transmitting Mao’s wishes to the provincial leaders.

59
Q

What did Mao decide as killings got out of hand?

A

Suggested that killing 1 in every thousand or 1 in each local area was enough

60
Q

When was the Great Terror?

A

1950-1

61
Q

When did Mao extend on Rao Shushi’s recommendation?

A

March 1951

62
Q

What was Rao Shushi’s recommendation to Mao, in March of 1951?

A

To move to killings to those within the CCP

63
Q

What key event regarding a key killing happened in March 1951?

A

a top-ranking military official was shot dead at a public concert at Jinan.

64
Q

What did Mao demand in regards to the killing of the top-ranking military official in March of 1951?

A

Mao demanded a quick response.
28th April police swept through 16 cities arresting nearly 17, 000 people

65
Q

What were young part activists forced to do as a part of the Great Terror?

A

Forced to watch mass executions in order to indoctrinate and desensitize

66
Q

Since it was unsure how many people died as a result of the Great Terror, what was a part estimate?

A

710, 000

67
Q

What do some historians put the death toll of people during the Great Terror as high as?

A

2 million

68
Q

What were the Five-antis used as justification for?

A

Justification to attack class enemies, which was basic in the social and political strategies of CCP government

69
Q

What took place within the party?

A

Purges

70
Q

What happened to those who did not follow official CCP policy?

A

were liable to be condemned as ‘rightists’ who were opposed to the progress of the PRC

71
Q

How else did Mao attempt to find or dig out rightists in the party?

A

Alternated with periods when members were encouraged to criticise current policies · Those that were hasty (hurried) enough to do so were attacked as rightists

72
Q

What were tougher restrictions placed on in China and the CCP?

A

Freedom of expression

73
Q

Until when were purges a recurrent feature of Chinese politics?

A

Until Mao’s death in 1976

74
Q

What was terror used to do in the PRC?

A

Seal control

75
Q

Including the GMD and the Democratic Leagues, how many separate political parties were there in 1949?

A

10

76
Q

What had happened to the 10 separate political parties by 1952?

A

they had disappeared, destroyed in a set of moves which denied the right of any party to exist other than the CCP

77
Q

What is mass conformity?

A

compliance in actions, behaviour, etc., with certain accepted standards or norms.

78
Q

What did the CCP turn into when it came to enforcing mass conformity?

A

A notion of informers

79
Q

What system did the local officials create?
(give the first 3)

A
  1. Neighbour spied on neighbour
  2. Workers snooped on their mates
  3. Children reported on their parents
80
Q

What system did the local officials create?
(give the last 2)

A
  1. Each street or apartment block had officially appointed ‘watchers’ who kept the local CCP informed on anyone or anything suspicious
  2. Community associations, which were set up with the declared aim of providing mutual help, became a major means of exerting control and conformity
81
Q

What did Mao aim to do when it came to enforcing mass conformity?

A

Politicise the nation

82
Q

What happened to those who didn’t want to be involved in enforcing mass conformity?

A

They were labelled as class enemies

83
Q

What did those who were middle class or non-revolutionary background know about mass conformity?

A

This would be enough to condemn them

84
Q

What did enforcing mass conformity aim to denounce?

A

‘bourgeois elements’ and ‘imperialist lackeys’

85
Q

What was there no toleration of in the PRC?

A

Independent thinking let alone dissent (expressing or holding opinions)

86
Q

Who were youth organisations closed down or taken over by?

A

Party cadres

87
Q

Define party cadres

A

the staff that are tasked with the management of state and/or party affairs

88
Q

What factor was selected for special attack?

A

Religion

89
Q

What were the three main types of registration which individuals were required to register themselves into?

A
  1. danwei
  2. hukou
  3. dangan
90
Q

What things depended on the contents of a person’s dossier?

A

A person’s right to employment, housing or pension, or indeed freedom

91
Q

What was Mao’s aim regarding the Middle Class?

A

To destroy the whole class

92
Q

Why was Mao ready to obliterate the Middle class by force?

A

He was done using them to help see the PRC through its teething troubles

93
Q

Why did Mao want to get rid of them in the first place?

A

It was an essential step in creating a Marxist state where only one class would exist

94
Q

What was the only class that Mao wanted to exist?

A

The proletariat.
He believed this could only be achieved through violence.

95
Q

What was the task of the CCP when it came to getting rid of the middle class?

A

to show no mercy in annihilating the bourgeoisie which was still attempting to undermine the new China

96
Q

Despite achieving ‘God-like’ status after 1949 what did this not make Mao?

A

More trustful of his colleagues

97
Q

What happened as Mao became more powerful?

A

He became more detached from his political and government associates.

98
Q

What made Mao, not the saviour, but the oppressor of the people?

A

His desire for power mixed with paranoia

99
Q

What did the Laogai system explain?

A

Explained that misguided people who had failed to appreciate the benefits that Communism had brought would be shown the error of their ways.

100
Q

What were the Laogais used as?

A

Means of terror

101
Q

In 1953 how many prisoners were there in Laogais?

A

2 million

102
Q

How much of the number of 1953 prisoners were working as forced labourers?

A

Over half

103
Q

How much yuan in industrial products did the camps provide?

A

700 million yuan

104
Q

How much tonnes of grain did the camps provide?

A

350, 000

105
Q

In the Laogais, what did the inmates range from?

A

Poor farmer to technical experts

106
Q

In the Laogais, prison conditions varied but what did they mainly involve?

A

Fear of violence
Sleep deprivation
Other forms of torture

107
Q

What type of reform was implemented in the Laogais?

A

Thought reform

108
Q

When and why did the prison population increase rapidly?

A

In 1955
When there were further purges of counter-revolutionaries

109
Q

What was a new layer of imprisonment in the Laogais called?

A

Re-education through labour

110
Q

How many new inmates were added as a result of the new layer of imprisonments in the Laogais?

A

300, 000

111
Q

The statistics of the number who died in the camp varied but could be as high as what over the whole period of 1949-76?

A

25 million

112
Q

What did Mao announce in 1951?

A

The beginning of the three anti-movements.

113
Q

What were the targets of the 1951 policy?

A

Waste
Corruption
Inefficiecy

114
Q

Which war intensified Mao’s methods?

A

The Korean War 1950-3

115
Q

In what year was it cleat China had become a one-party state?

A

1952-all 10 parties had disappeared

116
Q

Which groups had a concentrated attack on themselves?

A

Anti-socialists
Counter-revolutionaries
Imperialists

117
Q

Which groups were targeted in Shanghai?

A

Bandits and criminals

118
Q

To maintain control, local party officials created what system?

A

Neighbour spied on neighbour
Workers snooped on their mates
Children reported on their parents
Streets/blocks had an official watcher
Community associations.

119
Q

Who were youth groups taken over by?

A

Cadres

120
Q

Which method of registration was most intrusive?

A

Dangan

121
Q

Which class did Mao want to completely destroy?

A

The bourgeoisie

122
Q

How did Mao believe a proletarian revolution could be achieved?

A

Violence

123
Q

What is meant by the term ‘going to the people’?

A

Mao travelling around China supposedly listening to what people had to say.
Were staged affairs.

124
Q

What were the main methods Mao used to get rid of his fear of rivals?

A

Purges of members of CCP to purify the party
Use of cadres to maintain conformity

125
Q

What were the 2 main methods the Politburo used to maintain control?

A

Three-anti movements (inc compulsory registrations)
Five-anti movements

126
Q

What were the 3 compulsory registrations?

A

Hukou
Dangan
Danwei

127
Q

What did the dangans create?

A

Mass terror

128
Q

Who was mass terror an attack on?

A

Middle class

Maos China Unit 1 (6 decks)

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