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Principles of Biology II > Chapter 40 Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

Plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

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3
Q

Characteristics of Hemoglobin

A
  • tetrameric
  • contains 4 hemes
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4
Q

True or False: All animals have a circulatory system.

A

False

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5
Q

True or False: In mammals, deoxygenated blood is kept separate from oxygenated blood due to the presence of two circuits.

A

True

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6
Q

In the human heart, blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the ____.

A

aorta

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7
Q

In mammals, blood in the pulmonary vein is ___.

A

oxygenated

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8
Q

True or False: Cardiac muscles are striated.

A

True

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9
Q

Most of the CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the blood _____.

A

has been converted to bicarbonate and dissolved in plasma

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10
Q

In mammals (ie humans), oxygen is primarily transported in the blood _____.

A

bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

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11
Q

True or False: Oxygen binds to the iron that is found in the heme group of hemoglobin.

A

True

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12
Q

What are the 3 components of the circulatory system?

A
  • pump (heart)
  • fluid (blood)
  • tubes (blood vessels)
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13
Q

Function of the Circulatory System

A

carries nutrients, gases, and metabolic wastes around the body

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14
Q

2 Types of Circulatory Systems

A

open and closed

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15
Q

Does an open circulatory system contain a heart?

A

YES

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16
Q

What is another word for blood in open circulatory systems?

A

hemolymph

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17
Q

Is there a distinction between blood and extracellular fluid in open circulatory systems?

A

NO

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18
Q

What does hemolymph do in open circulatory systems?

A

bathes cells directly by being emptied into cavities and coming into direct contact with tissues

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19
Q

True or False: Blood is in the vessels in closed circulatory systems.

A

True

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20
Q

Examples of Animals with Closed Circulatory Systems

A
  • vertebrates
  • annelids
  • cephalopods
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21
Q

True or False: The heart is more muscular in a closed circulatory system.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the blood separate from in closed circulatory systems?

A

intersitital fluid

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23
Q

What animals lack a circulatory system?

A
  • sponges
  • some invertebrates
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24
Q

Why do some animals lack a circulatory system?

A
  • low metabolic rates
  • short diffusion distances
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25
Q

Why do larger and more active animals need a circulatory system?

A
  • higher metabolic waste
  • cannot get nutrients via diffusion
  • Extracellular fluid is where cells get nutrients and dump wastes
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26
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid in animals with closed circulatory systems?

A
  • plasma in the system itself
  • interstitial fluid between cells
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27
Q

3 Advantages of Having a Closed Circulatory System

A
  • fluid moves more quickly
  • blood flow can be controlled
  • specialized cells and molecules aid in transport
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28
Q

Do all closed circulatory systems have the same structure?

A

NO

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29
Q

Steps of Blood Flow in a Closed Circulatory System

A

1) Right Ventricle
2) Pulmonary Artery
3) Lungs
4) Pulmonary Vein to Left Atrium
5) Left Ventricle
6) Aorta
7 and 8) Tissues
9 and 10) Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
11) Right Atrium

30
Q

A cardiac cycle is one ___.

A

contraction and relaxation

31
Q

True or False: Both sides of the heart contract at the same time.

A

True

32
Q

What contracts first, the ventricles or the atria?

A

atria

33
Q

Systole

A

contract

34
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation

35
Q

What is the function of valves in hearts and veins?

A

prevent backwards blood flow

36
Q

Cardiac Diastole

A

all chambers are relaxed and the blood flows into the heart

37
Q

Atrial Systole, Ventricular Diastole

A

atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles

38
Q

Atrial Diastole, Ventricular Systole

A

after the atria relax, the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart

39
Q

Pacemaker Cells

A

initiate action potentials in the heart

40
Q

True or False: Input is required from the nervous system for action potentials in the heart.

A

False

41
Q

Where is the pacemaker located?

A

sinoatrial node of the right atrium

42
Q

Characteristics of the Atrioventricular Node

A
  • where electrical signal passes to get to the ventricles
  • slows down the electrical signal to give atria time to contract
43
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

conducting fibers

44
Q

Where does the heartbeat originate?

A

the valves opening and closing in the cardiac muscle

45
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

A

enable the coordinated function of the heart cells to allow the heart to beat

46
Q

Which blood vessel is the smallest?

A

capillaries

47
Q

Which kind of blood vessel has the largest cross sectional area?

A

capillaries

48
Q

Which blood vessel has the highest blood pressure?

A

Arteries

49
Q

Which blood vessel class has the lowest blood pressure?

A

veins

50
Q

Which blood vessel has the lowest velocity?

A

capillaries

51
Q

What does the size of the tube in blood vessels determine?

A

how fast the blood is moving

52
Q

True or False: Arteries and veins are the largest blood vessels.

A

True

53
Q

Where does the exchange of gases, nutrients, etc. occur in the circulatory system?

A

capillaries

54
Q

Why is slow blood flow important to tissues receiving nutrients, gases, etc?

A

slow blood flow allows more time for things to move in and out of the bloodstream

55
Q

Blood is a type of _______ tissue.

A

connective

56
Q

Hematocrit

A

volume of blood composed of cells

57
Q

What does hematocrit include?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

58
Q

What is another word for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

59
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

bone marrow

60
Q

What controls the production of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoetin

61
Q

Erythropoetin

A

hormone produced by the kidney in response to hypoxia

62
Q

Hypoxia

A

low blood oxygen

63
Q

What do red blood cells contain?

A

hemoglobin

64
Q

Where are red blood cells broken down and stored?

A

spleen

65
Q

Leukocytes are involved with ___.

A

immune responses

66
Q

Characteristics of Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

A
  • destroy foreign cells and pathogens
  • produce antibodies
  • involved in allergic reactions
67
Q

Platelets are invovled with ___.

A

clotting

68
Q

Platelets

A

cell fragments

69
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

megakaryocytes

70
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

large cell that stays in bone marrow

71
Q

Trace of Electrical Signal Through the Heart

A
  • 1) Starts in pacemaker
  • 2) electrical impulse travels through atria
  • 3) electrical impulse travels through atrioventricular node
  • 4) impulse travels through purkinje fibers
  • 5) ventricular contraction starts at apex

Principles of Biology II (7 decks)

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