Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers Exam 3

Question 1

Low Birth Weight Classification?

Answer 1

< 2500 grams (5.5 lbs)

Question 2

Very Low Birth Weight Classification?

Answer 2

< 1500 grams (3.3 lbs)

Question 3

Extremely Low Birth Weight Classification?

Answer 3

<1000 grams (2.2 lbs)

Question 3

Extremely Low Birth Weight Classification?

Answer 3

<1000 grams (2.2 lbs)

Question 4

Why do we use the WHO growth charts?

Answer 4

WHO has comprehensive growth charts using children who were solely breastfed by non-smoking mothers. Covers the 2nd to 98th percentile.

Question 5

How long does it take for the GIT to fully develop?

Answer 5

Takes 6 months to mature the GIT

Question 6

Common GIT issues in infants?

Answer 6

Common problems include colic, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), diarrhea, constipation, and gas. MAturation of GIT can cause discomfort in infants.

Question 7

Macronutrient and calorie needs in 0-6 month-olds?

Answer 7

0-6 months:
108 kcal/kg
60 grams of carbohydrates
1.52 grams of protein/kg
31 grams of fat

Question 8

Macronutrient and calorie needs for 6-12 month-olds?

Answer 8

6-12 months:
98 kcal/kg
95 grams of carbohydrate
1.2 grams of protein/ kg
30 grams of fat

Question 9

What nutrients need to be supplemented during infancy?

Answer 9

Fluoride to prevent tooth caries, Vitamin D to help regulate almost everything, possibly sodium, and iron.

Question 10

What is the nutrient difference between breast milk, formula, and cow’s milk?

Answer 10

Breastmilk is 7% protein, 38% carbs, and 55% fat. Cow’s milk formula is 10% protein, 40% carbs, and 50% fat.

Question 11

What are the guidelines for cow milk ingestion in infants?

Answer 11

The AAP and AND group recommend that whole cow milk, skim milk, and reduced fat milk not be used in infancy due to iron-deficient anemia.

Question 12

How and when does one start introducing solid food to an infant?

Answer 12

Between 4 to 6 months is a good time to introduce foods. They should be able to hold up their head, have no tongue thrust reflex, can sit up with no support, and expresses curiosity about food.

Question 13

Guidelines for introducing solid foods?

Answer 13

4-6 months= Pureed food, smooth and has no lumps like smooth applesauce.
6-8 months= Lumpy food like cottage cheese
8-10 months= Soft mashed, meaning you could smash it with a fork like a banana.

Question 14

Guidelines for introducing juice/ drinking from open cups?

Answer 14

Straight water or juice should be introduced after 6 months. Wean to a cup between 12 and 24 months.

Question 15

Infant hunger cues?

Answer 15

Watching the food being opened, tight fists, reaching for spoon, and irritation if feeding slows or stops.

Question 16

Infant satiety cues?

Answer 16

Plays with a spoon, make a mess, spit food out of their mouth, turn head away from the spoon, and throw food.

Question 17

What are the issues associated with bottle feeding?

Answer 17

Early childhood caries/ bottle mouth. This is when infants get cavities. Reason why one should not put an infant to bed with a bottle.

Question 18

What are the methods of feeding sick infants?

Answer 18

NG tube and/or syringe feed.

Question 19

What are methods used to determine if high risk infants are consuming enough calories?

Answer 19

Preterm <2500 grams and healthy infants have growth status labelled on a growth chart. If these values start to dip below a healthy percentile, it it time to evaluate the situation.

Question 20

Toddler Age range?

Answer 20

1-3 years

Question 21

Preschooler Age range?

Answer 21

3-5 years

Question 22

Growth velocity in infants?

Answer 22

Dynamic growth experience in the 1st year of life is the most rapid. BMI increases during infancy.

Question 23

Growth velocity in toddlers?

Answer 23

Gain 6 pounds per year and grow 4.8 inches per year this time span.

Question 24

Growth velocity in preschoolers?

Answer 24

Gains 4.4 lbs per year and grows 2.75 inches per year during this time. BMI rebound also occurs here around the age of 4. BMI decreases during preschool years and shoots up during BMI rebound.

Question 25

How are infants measured?

Answer 25

1. Weight is measured using an infant scale. The infant is naked for this.
2. Length is measured with a recombinant length board
3. Head circumference is measured with a tape measure or pre-measured crown.

Question 26

How are toddlers measured to reflect growth?

Answer 26

Under two years, they are weighed without their clothes but with clean diaper. Recumbent length is still used here.

Question 27

How are preschoolers measured to reflect growth?

Answer 27

Two years and older, they are weighed in light clothing and are measured vertically without shoes.

Question 28

How are 2-20-year-olds measured?

Answer 28

1. Height
2. Weight
3. BMI

Question 29

BMI weight category status starting after 2 years of age based on the growth chart?

Answer 29

Underweight- less than the 5% percentile
Healthy Weight- 5% to less than 85% percentile
Overweight- 85% to less than the 95% percentile
Obese- Equal or greater than 95%

Question 30

Which feeding skills are developed as a toddler?

Answer 30

@ 12 months- refined pincer reflex
18-24 months- tongue cleans lips, rotary chewing, and has eaten different foods with different textures. They can use a spoon and a fork even though it will be messy.

Question 31

What feeding skills are developed in preschool-age children?

Answer 31

They can use a fork, spoon, and cup. Spills occur less frequently with cups. Supervision is still required during this time.

Question 32

How should one introduce toddlers to new foods?

Answer 32

Introduce new food with familial foods and also do it while they are hungry.

Question 33

How should one introduce preschoolers to new foods?

Answer 33

Introduce new food with familial foods and also do it while they are hungry.

Question 34

Why does appetite fluctuate in toddlers?

Answer 34

They have moments of slowed growth which directly affects the natural caloric intake to be lower.

Question 35

Describe the innate ability of toddlers and preschoolers to control energy intake.

Answer 35

If allowed to decide when to eat and when to stop eating without outside interference, children eat as much as they need. Parents often interfere with this innate ability.

Question 36

What is the feeding relationship between a parent and their toddler/preschooler?

Answer 36

The parent is responsible for what, when, and where of the food. The child is responsible for how much they eat.

Question 37

What are the main foods associated with food allergies and intolerances?

Answer 37

Cow’s milk, eggs, wheat, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soybeans, peanuts, and sesame.

Question 38

What are the guidelines for treating overweight and obese children between the ages of 2 and 5 years?

Answer 38

Have a maintenance calorie level until they can get below the 85% percentile on the BMI growth chart. Basically, the best treatment is to let them grow into their height.

Question 39

What is Kentucky Head Start?

Answer 39

A federal program that promotes the school readiness of children from birth to age 5 from low-income families by enhancing their cognitive, social, and emotional development.

Question 40

What is Health at Every Size?

Answer 40

The idea that all sizes of people can participate in healthy activities like working out, eating nutritious food, seeking mental health care, and more!