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KIN 435 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for vascular resistance?

A

Vascular Resistance =(Input pressure - output pressure) / blood flow

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2
Q

What is the Fick Principle Equation?

A

Q = VO2 / (CaO2 - CVO2)
Q = Cardiac Output
VO2 = O2 consumption per minute
CaO2 = O2 concentration of blood leaving lung
CvO2 = O2 concentration of blood entering lung

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3
Q

What is pulmonary vascular resistance normally?

A
  • Small
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4
Q

When does pulmonary vascular resistance decrease? why?

A

On Exercise
- Recruitment of capillaries
- Distension of Capillaries
some compounds

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5
Q

When does Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Increase?

A
  • High lung volume
  • Low lung volume
  • Alveolar Hypoxia
  • some compounds
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6
Q

What compounds cause pulmonary vascular resistance to increase?

A
  • Endothelin
  • Histamine
  • Serotonin
  • Thromboxane A2
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7
Q

What compounds cause Pulmonary Vascular Resistance to Decrease?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Calcium-channel Blockers
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2)
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8
Q

What does gravity do to the lung?

A
  • Causes large differences in Distribution of Blood Flow
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9
Q

How many zones are in the lung? (blood flow zones)

A
  • 3
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10
Q

What happens in Zone 1 of blood flow in the lung? When is this not seen?

A

Zone 1
- No flow
- Pulmonary artery pressure is less than alveolar pressure
Not Seen
- Under normal conditions

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11
Q

What happens in Zone 2 of blood flow in the lung?

A
  • Flow is determined by the difference between arterial and alveolar pressure
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12
Q

What happens in Zone 3 of blood flow in the lung?

A
  • Flow is determined by difference in arterial and venous pressure
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13
Q

Where does flow increase in Zone 2 and 3 of blood flow in the lung?

A
  • down each zone (due to gravity)
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14
Q

What does Alveolar Hypoxia do to small pulmonary arteries? Why?

A

Constricts them
- Direct effect of low PO2 on vascular smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is Critical at Birth during the transition from placental to air breathing?

A

Release of Alveolar Hypoxic Vasoconstriction
- Reduces constriction of small pulmonary arteries

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16
Q

When can Alveolar Hypoxic Vasoconstriction be used in the adult lung?

A
  • To direct blood flow away from poorly ventilated areas of a diseased lung in an adult
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17
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

A
  • Pressure on Pulmonary Circulation is much lower
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18
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary capillaries and extra-alveolar vessels?

A

Capillaries
- exposed to alveolar pressure
Extra-Alveolar Vessels
- Pressure around them is lower

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19
Q

Why is there uneven blood flow in the lung?

A
  • Gravity: Higher blood flow at base than apex in upright lung
  • Random Variation of blood vessels: any given level
20
Q

What is fluid movement across the capillary endothelium governed by?

A
  • Startling Equilibrium
21
Q

What is a main metabolic function of pulmonary circulation?

A
  • Conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
22
Q

What are the walls of pulmonary arteries and branches made up of?

A
  • little smooth muscle
23
Q

how much blood does the lung receive?

A

4-6L/min

23
Q

how much blood does the lung receive?

A

4-6L/min

24
Q

What is the average pulmonary artery pressure? what about aortic pressure?

A

Pulmonary Artery
- 15mmHg
Aortic
- 95-100mmHg

25
Q

What is the left atrial pressure?

A
  • 5mmHg
26
Q

Compare Systemic Circulation to Lung Circulation

A

Systemic
- Regulates blood supply to various organs
- Directs blood from one region to another
Lung
- Accepts entire output
- Keeps Pressure low
- Minimize RT heart work
- Allow Efficient Gas Exchange

27
Q

What is a Pressure Gradient?

A
  • Blood Flow from region of high pressure to region of low pressure
28
Q

What is the Pressure gradient across the entire cardiovascular system?

A
  • 100mmHg
29
Q

Do Blood Vessels and Blood itself provide resistance to flow?

A
  • YES
30
Q

What is the Equation for Resistance to Flow?

A

Resistance = [nL/r^4]
n = viscosity of blood
L = length of vessel
r^4 = radius of the vessel to the 4th power

31
Q

What is the equation for blood flow? (in terms of pressure and resistance)

A

Blood Flow = Change in Pressure/Resistance

32
Q

How can blood flow change?

A

Changes in
- Pressure
- Resistance
- Combination of both

33
Q

Why does changing resistance have a larger effect on blood flow?

A
  • Fourth power relationship between resistance and vessel radius
34
Q

How does Vasoconstriction impact Blood Flow?

A
  • Radius decreases
  • Resistance Increase
  • Blood Flow Decreases
35
Q

How would vasodilation impact blood flow?

A
  • Increase Radius
  • Decrease Resistance
  • Increase Blood Flow
36
Q

What do Extra-Alveolar Vessels include? How are they affected by lung volume?

A

Arteries and Veins that run through the lung parenchyma
- lung volume determines the expanding pull of the parenchyma on their walls

37
Q

What happens to Alveolar and Extra-alveolar vessels at different lung volumes?

A

High Lung Volume
- Alveolar vessels: compressed
- Extra-alveolar vessels: distended due to low pleural pressure
Low Lung Volumes
- Alveolar Vessels: Distended
- Extra-alveolar vessels: compressed from pleural pressure

38
Q

What is the equation for Vascular resistance?

A

VR = Input P - Output P / Blood Flow
VR = (15-5) / 6 (average at rest)
VR = 1.7mmHg/L/min

39
Q

How does Resistance lower as pressure rises?

A
  • Recruitment: Closed vessels conduct blood
  • Distension: Increase in Caliber
40
Q

Does resistance increase or decrease with exercise?

A
  • Decrease
41
Q

What is the force that tends to push fluid out of the capillary?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic pressure minus interstitial hydrostatic pressure (Pc-Pi)

42
Q

What is the force tending to pull fluid in the capillary?

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Protein of blood minus COP of Protein in interstitial fluid (πc - πi)

43
Q

What does σ mean?

A
  • Indicates the effectiveness of the capillary wall in preventing the passage of protein across it
44
Q

What is the Starling Equation that determines fluid exchange?

A

Net Fluid Out = K[(Pc – Pi) – σ(πc – πi)]

45
Q

What happens if there is Pulmonary Edema? (build-up of pressure)

A

First
- Engorgement of peribronchial and perivascular spaces (interstitial edema)
Later
- Fluid cross alveolar epithelium
- Fluid in alveolar space
- Gas exchange impairment

46
Q

What substances are metabolized in the lung? What one is important?

A

Vasoactive and Bronchoactive Substances
- Arachidonic Acid Metabolites

KIN 435 (14 decks)

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