6 hallmarks

Question 1

Hallmark 1
self-sufficient growth signals

Answer 1

cells and proliferate on their own without signals from something else
EX: RTK signal transduction pathway where RAS is constitutively on.
Thyroid cancer
MAPK - mitogenic cell proliferation
PI3K - anti -apoptosis

Question 2

Hallmark 2
resistance to inhibitory signals

Answer 2

cancer due loss of expression to inhibitory growth signals
PI3K is anti apoptotic and PTEN can reverse it
NF1 can inhibit RAS

Question 3

Hallmark 3
evade apoptosis

Answer 3

disruption of apoptosis pathway to prevent DNA damage or cell cycle checkpoint. P21 is cell cycle checkpoint. loss of P53 function or BAX function can resist apoptosis.

Question 4

Hallmark 4
limitless potential

Answer 4

cells normally only divide 60-70 times. Due to telomeres that shrink every time cells replicate. Telomerase can stimulate growth of telomeres that can cause immortalization and continued proliferation

Question 5

Hallmark 5
tumor cells trigger angiogenesis

Answer 5

tumor cells require oxygen and vascularization to grow. They stimulate VEGF that is responsible for angiogenesis.

Question 6

Hallmark 6
invade tissues and metastasizes in distant locations

Answer 6

metastatic tissue invades basement membrane and enters ECM. Then the tissue finds its way into vascular system. Travels down vascular system and metastasizes downstream