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PSYCH 10 > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning

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2
Q

What are the four components of language?

A
  • symbolism
  • structured & meaningful
  • displacement
  • generativity
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2
Q

What are the four components of language?

A
  • symbolism
  • structured & meaningful
  • displacement
  • generativity
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3
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest unit of sound

/p/ and /b/

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4
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound

/p/ and /b/

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5
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit of meaning

prefixes, suffixes, roots

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6
Q

syntax

A

rules for word combinations

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7
Q

Stage of Language Development:
0 months

A

crying

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8
Q

Stage of Language Development:
1 month

A

cooing

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9
Q

Stage of Language Development:
6 months

A

babbling

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10
Q

Stage of Language Development:
1 year

A

patterned speech

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11
Q

Stage of Language Development:
18 months

A

naming explosion

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12
Q

Stage of Language Development:
2 years

A

combining words

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13
Q

When do infants start to say their first words?

A

10-15 months

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14
Q

behaviorist theory of language development

A

we learn language through reinforcement

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15
Q

nativist theory of language development

A

children are born with innate mental structures that guide their acquisition of language

16
Q

What aspects of language support the nativist theory?

A
  • linguistic universals
  • children apply rules of grammar to novel words
  • language is learned more easily in the critical period
  • animals don’t learn language as successfully as humans
17
Q

intersectionalist theory of language development

A

innate capacity for language interacts with experience

“Motherese”

18
Q

What is the critical period?

A

as you get older, it becomes harder to learn a new language

19
Q

What happened to Genie?

A

suffered extreme child abuse and was forbidden to speak –> never fully developed language skills

20
Q

categorical speech perception

A

the phenomenon of perceiving speech sounds as two distinct categories instead of on a continuum

21
Q

True or False:
We think of /ba/ and /da/ as two distinct sounds.

A

True

22
Q

Voice Onset Time (VOT)

A

interval between articulatory release and onset of voicing

23
Q

As VOT ____, /ba/ sound becomes closer to ____

A

increases, /pa/

24
Q

True or False:
Japanese infants who do not have exposure to the English /r/ and English /l/ can hear these sounds.

A

False
The role of experience is important here. Japanese infants can only hear the Japanese /r/

25
Q

What is the phenomenon of perceptual narrowing?

A

As an infant gets older, their language abilities become more speciailized based on exposure

26
Q

True or False:
A 1 year-old can differentiate between English and Salish.

A

False
After 6-8 months, a child’s language abilities become too specialized for their native language.

27
Q

What is a benefit of perceptual narrowing?

A

infants who are faster to tune into speech sounds of their native language are likely to have larger vocabularies by age 2

28
Q

What happened in the conditioned head turn response study?

A

infants were conditioned to detect a sound change in language due to their head turning reflex

29
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about

30
Q

strong version of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

thoughts and behavior are determined by language

31
Q

weak version of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

thoughts and behavior are influenced by language

32
Q

What happened in the masculine & feminine language study?

A

German speakers came up with more masculine adjectives for “key”
Spanish speakers came up with more feminine adjectives for “key”

33
Q

What happened in the Russian blues experiment?

A

Russian speakers were faster to color-match in cross categories than within-categories
No difference with English speakers

PSYCH 10 (12 decks)

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