9: Inequality and segregation Flashcards

1
Q

Urban morphology: the study of the physical or built form of cities.

A
  • Examination of the patterns and development of the urban spatial structures.
  • Mapping street patterns, building styles, size and shape of land etc.
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2
Q

Urban morphology informs about spatial variation in environmental quality:
Different levels of quality between urban areas
* Processes of change: renovation and upgrading vs
decay and downgrading
* Such levels and changes are linked to social polarization and inequality

A

segregation, polarization and gentrification in cities

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3
Q

Factor analysis/factorial ecology: measuring links between various factors (age, income, gender, ethnicity) and spatial patterns.

A

Residential differentiation in cities in the developed industrial world are dominated by:
* Socio economic status
* Family status/lifecycle
* Ethnicity

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4
Q

Factorial ecology in the future
Demographic, cultural, political and technological changes will lead to:

A

A more complex set of factors that results in more spatial differentiation.
* More differentiation within factors, such as migrant status, occupational differentiation, level of welfare dependency, etc.
* Long-standing differences between suburbs and the central city are disappearing.

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5
Q

Patterns of social well-being:

A
  1. quality of life
    (air pollution, housing, education, welfare-dependency, facilities, drug offences, family stability)
  2. deprivation and disadvantage
    (health, housing, social status, unemployment).
  3. material consumption and lifestyle
    (income, wealth, ideals, achievement and self-expression)
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6
Q

Are Western cities becoming socially polarized?
Disappearance of middle classes
Conspicuous consumption new urban elites
Growth of impoverished areas , characterized by drug addiction, vagrancy, cheap taverns, destroyed buildings.

A

Problematic:
Increasing income inequality , but overall improvement and higher skilled jobs.
US: growing inequality
Europe: more unemployment

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7
Q

urban segregation: the spatial separation of social groups into different neighborhoods.

A

Reasons:
* Private prejudice against ‘others’
* Institutionalized discrimination on the basis of class, culture, ethnicity, race, gender, etc.
The desire of people to preserve their own group identity or lifestyle.

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8
Q

Urban social closure: The exclusion of groups from desirable spaces and resources.
How? Powerful groups have the ability to exercise power in a downward direction, excluding less powerful groups.

A

Result:
Separate housing
Segregated schools
Segregated shopping areas and recreational facilities

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9
Q

Gentrification: renovation and renewal of inner-city areas through an influx of more affluent persons.

A

Result:
- Urban renewal/real estate investment (better houses, new shops, restaurants, etc.)
- Working-class neighborhoods become middle class
- Demographic changes: from black/colored to white
neighborhoods and from low education to high education

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10
Q

Gentrification
Positive effects:
* Renovation of houses, buildings, streets, squares, etc.
* Changes in social structures ( in terms of income, occupation, education, cultural background, family structure, and life experience).
* Improvement of neighborhood amenities (education, transit, health facilities, etc.)
* Lower levels of crime = Upgrade of the area

A

Negative effects:
* Rising rent, home and property prices > less affordable housing
* Most amenities not accessible to low-income households
* Increasing power of real estate companies
* Loss of cultural heritage = Dislocation of low-income residents

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11
Q

Minority groups are the most likely to be excluded:
* Prejudices against race, religion, and culture.
* Public anxiety about migrants.
Result: urban segregation of minority groups.

A

How to measure the degree to which a minority group is residentially segregated?
Index of dissimilarity
* Africa-Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans in US cities the most segregated
* Minority group residential segregation much lower in European cities
* Segregation of rural migrants in Chinese cities

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12
Q

Internal group cohesiveness
Residential segregation of minority groups also explained by the clustering of minority groups themselves.
Why? Immigrants are inclined to strengthen internal cohesion as a response to external threats

A

Four important functions of clustering:
* Defense (against discrimination)
* Mutual support (welfare, labor networks, informal ties)
* Cultural preservation (food customs, religious rules, marriage patterns)
* Attack or resistance (electoral power, against law enforcement)

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13
Q

ethnic residential segregation
Central questions:
1. Are there increasing levels of segregation?
2. Why do different minority groups show different levels of segregation?
3. Is ethnic residential segregation desirable?

A

The findings focus on the US:
* The larger the ethnic groups, the greater the degree of segregation
* The larger the urban area, the greater the degree of segregation
* However, the level of segregation of African-American groups declines.

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