Capsule cardio

Question 1

What are 2 signs of mitral stenosis on ECG

Answer 1

Bifid P waves and no p waves

Question 2

Why would there be increased oxygen saturation between RA and RV

Answer 2

Abnormal connection between the RA and RV via ventricular septal defect which is confirmed by raised ventricular pressure

Question 3

ECG findings of pericarditis

Answer 3

Saddle shaped ST elevation. Treat with regular nsaids but can lead to cardiomegaly but no pulmonary vascular congestion suggestive of pericardial effusion

Question 4

Aortic stenosis

Answer 4

Slow rising pulse, narrow pulse pressure, ejection systolic murmur radiating to neck. Need echo to characterise stenosis and angiogram to identify occlusions

Question 5

Mitral regurgitation

Answer 5

Pan systolic murmur

Question 6

LBBB

Answer 6

Prolongation of all QRS com0lexes

Question 7

Aortic dissection

Answer 7

Sharp pain ripping/ tearing pain in nature. Sudden onset. Can be precipitated by very high blood pressure. Can show widened mediastinum on CXR. NEED ITU care with sodium nitroprusside (anti hypertensive) and beta blocker, O2 and analgesia, anti emetics

Question 8

Complications of aortic dissection

Answer 8

Acute aortic regurgitation (early diastolic murmur) , pleural effusion and MI

Question 9

Marfans inheritance pattern

Answer 9

Autosomal dominant and FHX of sudden death (aortic dissection common deadly complication of connective tissue disease. High arched palate, lens dislocation, arachnodactily

Question 10

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

Autosomal dominant, can cause death secondary to arrhythmias. Can sometimes hear systolic murmur and dyspnoea but implantable cardiac defibrillator or surgical treatment may be of value

Question 11

Treatment of DVT

Answer 11

Apixaban or riveroxiban for 3 months

Question 12

Warfarin

Answer 12

Reversed by vit K, more effective than aspirin prevention of arterial events in pt with AF