S1 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

意向形+と する

A

to attempt to/to be about to ~ (before something unexpected happens)

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2
Q

〜ようと する/しない

A

likes to/doesn’t like to~ (habit)

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3
Q

〜た ところ〜

A

upon ~, ~ (doing something, leading to a result/realisation)

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4
Q

Aは Bに 〜る/ない ように [言う]

A

A [says] ~ to B (description of request/warning/order/instruction/notice/etc. only used in written form)

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5
Q

[〜ている/ない/〜い/〜な/〜の] うちに

A

do something while it’s ~ (do something before the change inevitably comes, strike while the iron is hot)

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6
Q

花が坂にあうちに誰かが枝を折っていった。

A

someone cut the branch before the flowers grew (action is done before the change even happens)

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7
Q

勉強しているうちに寝てしまった。

A

I fell asleep while I was studying (an unexpected change in result while you were intending to do something)

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8
Q

〜は
(この本は面白くない)

A

Implies more information than said
(this books isn’t interesting, but it’s useful)

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9
Q

〜[ま//す] + は + する/しない/した/しなかった
(幾らやすけても誰も買いはしないだろう)

A

Implies more information than said in action form
(no matter how cheap it is, no one will buy it, right?)

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10
Q

〜[ま//す] + も + しない
(娘は買い物が大好きで、要りもしないものまで買ってしまう)

A

Implication of contempt, even ~
(my daughter likes to shop so much, she buys stuff that she doesn’t even need)

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11
Q

〜て + は + いる/見る/おく
(直してはみます)
(母は痩せてはいます)

A

showing doubt, denial of implications, but it doesn’t mean that ~
(I’ll try to fix it, but it doesn’t mean that it will be fixed)
(my mom’s gotten thinner, but that doesn’t mean that she’s sick)

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12
Q

〜とは(というのは)〜のことだ/という意味だ

A

~ means that ~

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13
Q

〜という〜
(友達から、来月香港行くるというニュースがあった)

A

~ called/that ~ (describing name/info of something)
(there was news from my friend that they’ll be coming to HK next month)

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14
Q

〜とかいう〜

A

~ I think it was called/that ~ (same as という, but it’s when you aren’t sure of the information)

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15
Q

〜、〜といった〜
(苺やオレンジといった果物にはビタミンCが多く含まれている)

A

~ like/such as ~, ~ (listing)
(there is a lot of vitamin C in fruits such as strawberries and oranges)

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16
Q

〜として

A

as a ~ [identity, position, status]

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17
Q

Aは〜としての〜
(環境問題の専門家としての意見)

A

A’s ~ as a ~
(my opinion as an expert in environmental issues)

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18
Q

〜としては/も 〜
(私としては、この案に賛成できない)

A

~ as a ~, ~ (doing something based on your position, status)
(for me, I can’t approve of this proposal)

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19
Q

〜る しかない/(より)ほか(は)ない/ほかしかたがない
(成功するためにはどりょくするしかない)

A

no other way/no choice but to ~
( in order to succeed, you have no choice but to work hard)

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20
Q

[一つ/一人/一日] として〜ない
(この映画を見た人は一人として感動しない人はいなかった)

A

not one [thing/person/day] isn’t ~
(not one person who saw the movie wasn’t moved)

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21
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(インタネットによって世界中の情報を簡単に知ることができる)

A
  1. Methods (by ~, through~)
    (you can easily know about news all over the world through the internet)
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22
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(不況によって倒産した)

A
  1. Reasons (due to ~)
    (it went bankrupt due to recession)
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23
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(学生の成績によってクラス分けを行う)

A
  1. Basis (based on ~)
    (students were separated into classes based on their grades)
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24
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(アメリカ大陸はコロンブスによって発見された)

A
  1. Credit (made/discovered/invented by ~)
    (American land was discovered by Columbus)
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25
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(何を食べるかによって健康状態は変わる)

A
  1. Correlation, similarities (if X is different, so is Y, X changes based on Y)
    (your health changes based on what you eat)
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26
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(場合によっては旅行に参加できないかもしれない)

A
  1. Depending on ~
    (I might not be able to join the vacation trip depending on the situation)
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27
Q

Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に)
(京都は奈良と共に日本の古い都市として世界的に知られている)

A
  1. With ~, together ~, both ~
    (Kyoto and Nara are both known as old Japanese capitals worldwide)
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28
Q

Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に)
(大きな拍手と共に出演者が舞台に登場した)

A
  1. X happens at the same time as Y
    (the performers appeared on stage as we were clapping loudly)
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29
Q

Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に)
(娘の結婚が決まって、嬉しいと共に少し寂しくもある)

A
  1. X exists at the same time as Y [emotion/state]
    (now that my daughter’s wedding has been confirmed, I’m happy, but also a little sad)
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30
Q

Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に)
(言葉は時代と共に変わる)

A
  1. As X changes, Y slowly changes as well
    (words (jargon) slowly change over the eras)
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31
Q

やっぱり/やはり
(彼の性格は今もやはり変わらない)

A

(spoken/written) still/absolutely/definitely/as I thought
(his personality still hasn’t changed)

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32
Q

結局〜

A

in the end, as a result ~

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33
Q

Xと いえばY
(夏の果物といえば、まずバナナを思い浮かべる人が多いだろう)

A
  1. When talking about X, Y comes to mind
    (when talking about summer fruits, bananas might come to mind first for many)
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34
Q

Xと いえばY
(あ、りーさんといえば、さっき出かけたよ。)

A
  1. A new topic (Y) comes to mind when talking about X
    (oh, if you’re talking about Li, they just left)
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35
Q

どちらかといえば /どちらかというと〜
(私はどちらかというと、人前で話すのが苦手だ)

A

if I had to choose one/if forced to I’d say ~
(if I had to talk about myself, I’d say that I’m not very good at talking in front of people)

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36
Q

〜る/ないことがある
(タバコの火が原因で山火事になることがある)

A

sometimes I do/don’t do ~/there is/isn’t ~
(sometimes there are forest fires created by cigarettes)

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37
Q

めったに〜ない
(めったにパーティーに行かない)

A

very low chance/frequency of/that ~
(I rarely go to parties)

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38
Q

〜めったにあることではない

A

it’s not uncommon that ~

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39
Q

〜ないこと は/も ない
(納豆は、好きではないが、食べないことはない)

A

not that it’s impossible for me to ~ (if I try hard enough, I might be able to do it)
(I don’t like natto, but that doesn’t mean it’s impossible for me to eat it)

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40
Q

〜ないこと は/も ない
(相手の方が悪いんだから、あなたが謝らないことはないよ)

A

you don’t have/need to ~ (opinion towards others)
(it’s their fault, so you don’t have to apologise)

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41
Q

〜のか
(あ、そうか。市役所うに行って聞けばいいのか)

A

~ right? (indicates need for confirmation, acceptance)
( oh, i see. so i should go and ask at the city office. right?)

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42
Q

〜(もし)〜のなら
(もし、あなたが働いているのなら、あなたは職場に家族の写真を飾っていますか)

A

if (in fact)
(if you were working, would you have a photo of your family in your workplace?)

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43
Q

〜させる + られる = させられる/される
(おこりを感じさせられた)

A

~ made/makes [person] ~ [usually a feeling]
(it made me angry)

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44
Q

〜て/では(ちゃ/じゃ casual ver.)
(こんな暑くては勉強に集中できない)

A

[when facing a tough situation], can’t/it’s difficult to ~
(I can’t concentrate on my studies in this hot weather)

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45
Q

〜なんて
(私が優勝したなんてまるで夢見たい)

A
  1. (spoken language) express disdain/dissatisfaction/surprise/joy/etc.
    reacting to ~
    (it’s like a dream that I won) (joy/surprise)
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46
Q

〜なんて [言う/思う/考える/etc.]
(よく考えもしないで、わからないなんていうのはよくないよ。)

A
  1. It’s [good/bad] to ~ (show surprise/contempt)
    (it’s not good to speak without thinking well, or without understanding)
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47
Q

〜なんて
(彼女の結婚の祝いに食費セットなんてどうですか)

A
  1. Showing example within a group of things, no emotion involved
    for example ~ /how about ~ for ~
    (how about a tableware set for her wedding gift?) (as an example of a gift)
48
Q

〜に決まっている

A

(spoken) definitely/bound to ~

49
Q

〜に違いない

A

it’s got to be ~

50
Q

Xからすると、Y
(この値段からすると、たぶん偽物だろう)

A
  1. Judging from X, Y
    (judging from the price, it’s probably fake)
51
Q

Xからすると、Y
(消費者からすると、値段は安ければ安いほといい)

A
  1. From X’s point of view, it’s Y
    (from the spenders’ point of view, the cheaper the price is the better)
52
Q

〜で/と/へ/から/まで + の

A

adding emphasis to words

53
Q

〜ている
(アインシュタインは1921年にノーベル賞を受賞している)

A

indicates record of past situations or experience, history (used in reports)
shows that you are citing history
~ [past tense] ~
(Einstein received a Nobel prize in 1921)

54
Q

〜はじめる

A

start to ~

55
Q

〜以上
(日本に来た以上、日本語だけでなく、日本の文化や習慣も学ぶつもりです)

A

since/if it’s/because/given that ~
(since I’ve come to Japan, I intend to learn not only Japanese, but also Japanese culture and customs)

56
Q

〜たところで〜
(今から頑張ったところで、試験には合格できないだろう)

A

even if [action] ~ [result won’t be as expected]
(even if I try my best from now on, I won’t be able to pass the exam)

57
Q

[人/物] は ~ Nをしている
(りーさんは長い足をしている)
(ドラえもんは猫の形をしたロボットだ)

A

[person/object] has ~ N (describing appearance)
N: face, body, legs, hair, etc.
(Ms Li has long legs)
(Doraemon is a robot in the shape of a cat) (flipping the form around)

58
Q

と言う顔をして〜
(真面目な顔をして冗談を言うのは難しいです)

A

has/with a ~ expression (describing facial expression)
(it’s hard to tell a joke with a serious expression)

59
Q

[これ/それ/あれ/どれ]だけ〜
(これだけ準備しておけばきっと大丈夫でしょう)
(どれだけ走って遠ざかろうとしたところで…)

A

as much as/how much ~(showing the degree of something)
(if you prepare just this much, you’ll be fine)
(no matter how far I tried to run…)

60
Q

[X可能形] だけX
(やれるだけやってみます)

A

X as much as possible (first X is 可能形)
(I’ll try to do as much as possible)

61
Q

XたいだけX
(休みの日はたいてい寝たいだけ寝ています)

A

X as much as one wishes
(I can sleep as much I want during holidays)

62
Q

Xに伴い/伴ってY
(子供の成長にともって、親とこの接し方が変わる物だ)

A

As X changes, Y gradually changes along with it
(As children grow up, the way to speaking between parent and child changes along with it)

63
Q

まったく〜ない
(あの学生は家ではまったく勉強しないそうだ)

A

not even a little/at all/completely
(that student doesn’t seem to study at home at all)

64
Q

まったく〜
(これとそれはまったく同じ物だ)

A

exactly/completely/absolutely ~
(this and that are exactly the same)

65
Q

ただ〜
(彼女は優しくて親切です。ただ、時間を守らないのがちょっと…)

A

but/however ~ (opposite of previous point, counter-argument)
(she’s nice and kind. but she’s always late, so…)

66
Q

ただし〜(但し〜)

A

but, however ~ (restriction, exception to rule/statement. serious. seen on posters, notices, and the like)

67
Q

〜になる
(大人になる)
(明日になる)
(綺麗になる)

A

(natural change)
(become an adult)
(tomorrow comes)
(become beautiful) (な形容詞 always uses に)

68
Q

〜となる
(今となってはもう遅い)
(母となる)

A

(reaching final stage/goal)
(it’s too late now)
(become a mother) (if it’s a final stage to you)

69
Q

Xに対するY/Xに対してY
(日本では目上の人に対して敬語を使わなければならない)

A

X’s thoughts/actions/attitude towards Y
(in Japan, you must use Keigo when speaking to superiors)

70
Q

Xは〜い/な の に対してYは〜
(姉は無口なのに対して、妹はおしゃべりだ)

A

compared to X that is ~, Y is ~ (create contrast )
(compared to my older sister who is quiet, my little sister is talkative)

71
Q

〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses

A
  1. Go and come back vs one way trip
72
Q

〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses
(田中さん、これ、国の母が送ってきたんです)
(大声を出したので、猫は驚いて逃げていった)

A
  1. Direction of movement (towards vs away)
    (Tanaka, my mother gave this to me)
    (I let out a loud noise, so the cat ran away from me)
73
Q

〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses
(日本語を2年間勉強してきた。これからも勉強していくつもりです)

A
  1. Continuation of state (continuing from the past vs will continue into the future)
    (I’ve been studying Japanese for 2 years. I plan to continue studying it)
74
Q

〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses
(香港は1970年ごろから子供の巣が減ってきた。これからも減っていくだろう)

A
  1. Continuation of a change (continuing from the past vs will continue into the future)
    (Hong Kong’s population of children has been decreasing since 1970. It will likely continue to decrease)
75
Q

〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses
(A:あ、雨が降ってきた
B:あのコンビニで傘を買って行こう)

A
  1. Appear vs disappear
    (A: Oh, it’s raining (rain “appears”)
    B: Let’s go to the convenience store to buy umbrellas (leaving current location))
76
Q

〜る/い/な ばかり(ばっかり)
(この果物は外見がいいばかりで味はいまいちだ)

A
  1. Only ~, but ~
    (this fruit only looks good from the outside, but it tastes bad)
77
Q

〜Xばかりで(は)なく、Yも〜
(この本はおもしろいばかりではなく、為にもなる)

A
  1. Not only X, but also Y
    (this book isn’t only interesting, it’s also useful)
78
Q

Xばかりに〜
(手続きが面倒なばかりに、時間がかかってしまった)

A

due to X, a bad result happens (shows regret, disappointment, annoyance)
(As the procedure was troublesome, it took a lot of time)

79
Q

〜たい/たくない ばかりに
(彼女に会いたいばかりに、こんなに遠くまでやってきた)

A

because I wanted/didn’t want to ~
(because I wanted to meet her, I came from far away)

80
Q

〜てばかりいる/だ
(あの人、あんなに遊んでばかりいたから、成績が悪いのも無理はない)

A

~ always/keep/kept ~ (repeating state)
(the way he always plays around, no wonder his grades are so bad)

81
Q

あまり(にも)〜
(あまりにも美味しいのでびっくりした)

A

too ~
(it was too delicious, I was surprised!)

82
Q

あまりの〜に
(あまりの驚きに声も出なかった)

A

because ~ was too ~, ~
(because I was too startled, I didn’t make a noise)

83
Q

〜の/るあまりに〜
(彼は悲しみのあまり、鬱病になってしまった)

A

~ was too ~, that’s why ~
(he was too sad, that’s why he got depression)

84
Q

かえって(却って)
(この薬を飲んだら却って、病気が悪くなってしまった)

A

I did X (thinking that ~), but instead ~ (rather ~)
(I drank the medicine (thinking that it would make me feel better), but instead my illness go worse)

85
Q

とうとう

A

finally, at long last

86
Q

とうとう〜なかった
(一日中待っていたが、彼はとうとう来なかった)

A

[I did something for a long time hoping for a result], but [it didn’t happen] in the end
(I waited for a day, but he never came in the end)

87
Q

何かと

A

various

88
Q

どうしても

A

no matter what

89
Q

どうしても〜ない

A

won’t ~ no matter what

90
Q

どうしても〜たい

A

want to ~ no matter what

91
Q

〜るべきだ(するべきだ=すべきだ)
(道で財布を見つけたら、すぐ警察に届けるべきです)

A

you should ~ (common sense)
(if you find a wallet on the street, you should report it to the police immediately)

92
Q

〜べき+N
(時間厳守は社会人として持つべき常識だ)

A

N that you should/should be ~ (common sense)
(being on time is common sense that people in society should have)

93
Q

〜るべきではない
(一度や二度の失敗で諦めるべきではない)

A

shouldn’t ~
(I shouldn’t give up after 1 or 2 failures)

94
Q

〜るべきだった/べきではなかった
(成績が落ちた。もっと勉強すべきだった)

A

should’ve/shouldn’t have ~
(my grades dropped. I should’ve studied more)

95
Q

〜るべからず
(壁に落書きすべからず)

A

Do not ~ (serious. strict)
(do not graffiti on the walls)

96
Q

X。一方、Y。
(ミラさんはハンサムです。一方、エドワードさんは優しいです)

A

X. On the other hand, Y. (contrasting)
(Mira is handsome. On the other hand, Edward is nice)

97
Q

何十/百/千/万/十万/百万/兆/億 という〜

A

tens/hundreds/ thousands/ millions/ etc. of

98
Q

N1に関するN2/Nに関して〜
(教育改革に関する議論)
(申し込み手続きに関して〜)

A

N2 about N1/about N ~
(discussion about education reform)
(about the application procedure ~)

99
Q

〜る/の おそれ(恐れ)がある
(副作用の恐れがある)

A

there is fear/risk that ~
(there is risk of side effects)

100
Q

〜とばかり入っていられない

A

one can’t just say that ~, it can’t just be said that ~

101
Q

一概に〜ない
(古いものが一概にダサいとはいえない)

A

not all ~ in general, can’t say it’s definitely all ~ (don’t generalise ~)
(old things can’t be said to all be lame)

102
Q

〜ば〜ほど

A

the more ~, the more ~

103
Q

X [〜る/ない/〜い/〜な/名詞] ほど Y
(あの店は一時間待たなければならいほど人気がある)

A

it’s so Y that X (expresses the degree of X through Y)
(this restaurant is so popular that you need to wait an hour)

104
Q

Xほど〜Yはない/いない
(彼ほど熱心に勉強する学生はいない)

A

[X is the best] there isn’t a Y that compares
(I haven’t seen a student that studies harder than him)

105
Q

〜を中心に(〜が中心になって)
(若い人を中心に人気がある)

A

centered on/amongst ~
(popular among young people)

106
Q

Xもとに(して)Y
(実話をもとに作られた映画)

A

Do Y using X as a reference/base/material
(this movie was made based on a true story)

107
Q

[人]には([人]にとっては)〜
(私には大切だ)

A

to [person], ~
(to me it’s important)

108
Q

XはN/Vる には(XはNの/Vルためには)〜
(この本は一人で勉強するには難しい)

A

X is N/V for ~
(this book is difficult for one person to study)

109
Q

N/Vる にはXが〜
(漢字を覚えるには、たくさん書いて練習することが大切だ)

A

X is [description] for the purpose of N/V
(it’s important to practice writing it a lot in order to remember kanji)

110
Q

〜らしい
(男らしい男)

A

like a [most stereotypical version of the thing]
(manly [man-like] man)

111
Q

〜[い]/[な//]らしい
(田中さんも今日暇らしい)
(あの店は美味しいらしい)

A

seems like ~ (inferred from what you saw/heard)
(tanaka seems free today) (inferred from what you heard)
(that shop seems delicious) (inferred from its crowded-ness)

112
Q

雨が降るそうだ

A

I heard that it will rain (based on sources)

113
Q

雨が降りそうだ

A

it looks like it will rain (based on observation)

114
Q

〜ようだ

A

seems like it will ~ (based on intuition, experience)

115
Q

さすが

A

just as I thought, as expected, “I knew it”

116
Q

さすがの〜
(さすがのりーさんもできなかった)

A

[person] usually expected to be good at [something] ~
(even [the great] Mr Li couldn’t do it) (he usually is able to do stuff like this)

117
Q

わざわざ
(友達は私の忘れ物をわざわざうちまで届けてくれた)

A

all the way (doing something for the sake of it/out of good will, concern. “didn’t have to”)
(my friend came all the way just to deliver my lost item to my home)